Armenian diaspora

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The Armenian diaspora is a term used to describe the communities of Armenians living outside of Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh. Of the total Armenian population living worldwide (in 2004 estimated to be 9,000,000^{[citation needed]}), only about 3,000,000 live in Armenia^{[1][2][note 1]} and about 130,000 in Nagorno-Karabakh^{[citation needed]}. The Armenian diaspora population is estimated to be 8,000,000.^[3] (See chart of population breakdown by country). Only one-fifth of the world's Armenian population lives in the former Soviet republic of Armenia, and their pre-World War I homeland until the 1920s once covered five or six times that of present-day Armenia, including the eastern regions of Turkey, parts of Iran, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Syria.

Contents 1 History 1.1 Armenians of the Middle East 1.2 Armenians in Europe and the Americas 1.3 Armenians in the Soviet Era 1.4 Armenians in Asia and the Far East 1.5 Armenians in Africa 1.6 Armenians in Oceania 2 Political and religious conflicts 2.1 Armenian Reconciliation in the Diaspora 3 Armenians per country 3.1 Notes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links 6.1 Armenian Diaspora Political Organizations

[edit] History

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Although an Armenian diaspora existed since the Armenian loss of statehood in 1375 (when the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia fell to the Mamelukes), it grew in size due to emigration from the Ottoman Empire and Russia and the Caucasus.

The Armenian diaspora grew considerably during and after the First World War. Although many Armenians perished during the Armenian Genocide, some of the Armenians managed to escape, and established themselves in various Eastern European cities, such as Moscow, Russia; Sochi, Russia; Odessa, Ukraine; Sevastopol, Crimea (Ukraine); Tbilisi, Georgia; Batumi, Georgia; Plovdiv, Bulgaria.

Others emigrated to the The Balkans, such as Bulgaria and Athens, Greece.

Yet others emigrated to Middle Eastern cities, such as and Aleppo, Syria and Beirut, Lebanon.

[edit] Armenians of the Middle East

Immediately after the Armenian Genocide, the Armenians of the diaspora lived in refugee camps in Lebanon, Syria, Egypt and elsewhere in the Middle East (Iraq, Jordan and Israel). Some emigrated to Greece and further. However, as the financial situation of the refugee Armenians improved, the camps grew into towns, and these towns became cities.

This was the case of many of the Armenian-populated regions in Lebanon like and Bourj Hammoud and Anjar. In time, the Armenians organized themselves by building churches, schools, community centers, cultural associations, arts, sports clubs, etc. Various political parties and benevolent unions, such as the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF or Dashnaktsutiun), the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party (Hunchakian Party), Liberal Democratic Party (Ramgavar Party) and the Armenian General Benevolent Union (AGBU), were established wherever there was a considerable number of Armenians.

Following the expansion of Pan-Arabism in Egypt and Syria, Islamism in Iran, and the Lebanese Civil War, tens of thousands of Armenians emigrated from the Middle East and established themselves in Europe, USA, Canada and Australia.

Some Armenians fought for Iraq in the army under Saddam Hussein in the 1980s Iran-Iraq war, two countries known to have large Armenian communities until the 2000s. The Armenian community in Iraq has dwindled after the 2003 US invasion of Iraq and a scattering number of Armenians remain in east Asia. The Iranian Armenian community also shrank in size since the 1970s.

Israel has a small Armenian community. Some Armenians also live in the areas of the Palestinian Authority. There is also an important Armenian presence in the Armenian Quarter in Jerusalem.

Cyprus meanwhile has a small but vocal Armenian community, particularly in the southern portion of the island where the majority population is Greek-Cypriot and Orthodox Christian. The Armenian community is guaranteed a seat in the House of Parliament.

The Arab Gulf region also has small Armenian communities from other Arab countries who work in the Gulf or run their businesses there. Countries with some Armenian populations include Kuwait, UAE, Qatar, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia.

[edit] Armenians in Europe and the Americas

Hundreds of thousands of Armenians settled in Western Europe (i.e. France, Germany, Italy, the UK and the Netherlands); and in the Americas (North and South) as early as in the 1890s.

The Armenian communities in the United States and Canada are considerably younger. These two countries have seen an upsurge of Armenian immigration of later generations from the Middle East following the expansion of Pan-Arabism in Egypt and Syria, Islamism in Iran, the Lebanese Civil War. North American countries are also witnessing a considerable amount of immigration after the fall of the Soviet Union and as a result of economic conditions in the Republic of Armenia.

For Latin America, there are active Armenian communities in the entire region. Argentina and Brazil, and to a lesser extent Uruguay contains considerably big number of Armenians. An estimated 10,000 Armenians are said to reside in Mexico.

[edit] Armenians in the Soviet Era

Substantial Armenian communities also exist in the Russian Far East as well as in the former Soviet republics of Central Asia. Some of these groups were encouraged to settle in the area by both Tsarist and Soviet authorities while others had no choice but to come, being part of Stalin's population deportations.

[edit] Armenians in Asia and the Far East

Armenian communities can also be found on the Asian Continent. Some of these communities have a very long history going back to many centuries.

In Asian countries, there were important communities in India, Pakistan, and as far east as Singapore, Burma and Hong Kong. Armenian exile communities even once thrived in China, Japan and the Philippines, but the status of Armenian culture in these countries has all but disappeared.

[edit] Armenians in Africa

In the African continent, Armenians held a presence very notably in (Sudan and Ethiopia), as well as in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Africa. Armenians lived in these countries for a few centuries.

[edit] Armenians in Oceania

There is a large Armenian community in Australia estimated between 45 and 50 thousand and comprising mainly of Armenian immigrants from the Middle East and Armenia. A much smaller Armenian community has settled in New Zealand.

[edit] Political and religious conflicts

In the 1940s and 1950s, the Soviet Union was trying to extend its influence throughout the world, and especially in the Middle East. The Social-Democrat Henchagian party, being ideologically close to communism, supported the Soviet Union in its struggle to expand in the Middle East. Partisans of the AGBU, supposedly being politically neutral, also supported the Soviet Union, because Armenia was part of Soviet Union. The ARF, despite its socialist background was a nationalistic party, objected, as it propagated the idea of a free, independent, and united Armenia. As the ARF struggled to preserve the flag, coat of arms, and national anthem of the Independent Armenian Republic of 1918-1922, others chose to support Soviet Armenia, seeing it as the only place in the world where Armenians could live safely as Armenians.

There was also a conflict between the leaders of the Armenian Apostolic Church. Armenians had 2 Catholicoses. One of them was located in Echmiadzin, Armenia and was supported by the Soviet authorities and in the Armenian diaspora by the Hunchaks, the Ramgavars and the Armenian communists, while the other was located in Antelias, Lebanon and was supported by the Dashnaks, as they thought that the Catholicosate of Echmiadzin was a tool for propagation of communism. In the 1950s, during the climax of this conflict, there were armed clashes between partisans of the 2 "sides", and also assassination attempts, acts of desecration, etc.

[edit] Armenian Reconciliation in the Diaspora

Tensions eased out as in 1965, all the conflicting major parties came together with joint communique and plan of action to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide of 1915. They also agreed to set aside acrominious aspects between them specially in the highly politicized and partisan media of the time.

In 1975 the inter-Armenian relations became even closer as during the Lebanese Civil War, the Armenians had to stick together in a pact of "positive neutrality" in order to overcome opposing forces and keep the Armenians as far as possible away from the conflict between the Lebanese.

[edit] Armenians per country

It has been suggested that this section be split into a new article. (Discuss)

This table is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. The following WikiProjects and/or Portals may be able to help recruit one: WikiProject Armenia Armenia Portal WikiProject Ethnic groups If another appropriate WikiProject or portal exists, please adjust this template accordingly.(March 2009)

This table's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please help improve the article by updating it. There may be information on the talk page. (March 2009)

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2009)

Note: Armenia, Nagorno Karabakh and Armenians of Samtskhe-Javakheti (Javakhk in Armenian) are not considered Armenian diaspora, and thus are listed separately.

Most of this data is based on estimates. Many - especially in the United States - identify with multiple ethnics or cultures mostly being their decent and the country they are currently living in.

For countries of Armenian populations less than 100 people, rankings have been removed as they become counter-productive to rank.

Non-Diaspora Armenians (Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh and Samtskhe-Javakheti)

Rank	Country or territory	Centres of Armenian population (Capital italicized)	Armenian population (official census)	Population of Armenians (current estimates - most reliable/probable bold (used for sorting))	Dialect(s) spoken	Country or regional page of Armenian presence	List of famous Armenians
1	Armenia	The entire country	3145354 Armenian Statistical Service, 2001: 3,145,354 [1]	2906245 CIA, July 2008: 2,906,245 [2] [note 1]	Eastern [4]
2	Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (de jure part of Azerbaijan)	The entire country	137380 National Statistical Service of Nagorno-Karabach Republic, 2005: 137,380 [5]	119424 NationMaster.com: 119,424 [6] [note 2]	Eastern	Armenians in Azerbaijan Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh Republic Armenians in Nakhchivan	Famous Armenians from Azerbaijan
3	Samtskhe-Javakheti part of Georgia See also Georgia below	Samtskhe-Javakheti.	248900 All Georgia State Department for Statistics of Georgia, 2004: 248,900[citation needed]	All Georgia 263959 CIA, July 2008: 263,959 [7] [note 3] NationMaster.com:265,704 [8] [note 4] 400,000[citation needed]	Eastern	Armenians in Samtskhe-Javakheti	List of Famous Armenians in Georgia

Armenian Diaspora per country

Rank	Country or territory	Centres of Armenian population (Capital italicized)	Armenian population (official census)	Population of Armenians (current estimates - most reliable/probable bold (used for sorting))	Dialect(s) spoken	Country page of Armenian presence	List of famous Armenians
1	Russia	Moscow, North Caucasus (mainly Krasnodar Krai), Vladivostok	1130491 2002: 1,130,491 [9]	3000000 3,000,000[citation needed]	Both. Mainly Eastern	Armenians in Russia	List of Armenian-Russians
2	United States	Los Angeles, Glendale, Fresno, Boston, Watertown, Detroit, Chicago, New York City, Northern New Jersey, Las Vegas, Nevada	385488 US, 2000: 385,488 [10]	1000000 3noor project: 1,000,000 [11] Armenien Embassy in Canada : 1,000,000[citation needed] 1,500,000[citation needed]	Both. Western Eastern	Armenians in the United States	List of Armenian Americans
3	Iran	Tehran, Isfahan (New Julfa quarter), Tabriz, Urmia, Fereydan/Peria, Bourvari, Maku, Khoy, Northern Iran		502500 Tore Kjeilein: 170,000 [12] [note 5] Tore Kjeilein: 200,000 [13] Encyclopedia of the Orient: 400,000 [14] Tore Kjeilein: 502,500 [15] [note 6] [note 7]	Eastern	Armenians in Iran New Julfa	List of Armenian-Iranians
4	France	Paris, Marseille, Lyon		250000 3noor project: 250,000 [16] bbc news, 12 October 2006: 500,000 [17]	Both Mainly Western	Armenians in France	List of Armenian-French people
5	Georgia	Tbilisi See also Samtskhe-Javakheti (in Non-diaspora section) See also Abkhazia	248900 State Department for Statistics of Georgia, 2004: 248,900[citation needed]	263959 CIA, July 2008: 263,959 [7] [note 8] NationMaster.com:265,704 [8] [note 9] 400,000[citation needed]	Eastern	Armenians in Georgia, Armenians in Samtskhe-Javakheti, Armenians in Abkhazia	List of Famous Armenians in Georgia
6	Syria	Damascus, Aleppo, Kamishli		320000 looklex Encyclopedia: 190,000 [18] [note 6] [note 10] looklex Encyclopedia: 320,000 [19] [note 5]	Western	Armenians in Syria	List of Syrian Armenians
7	Lebanon	Beirut, Bourj Hammoud, Anjar, Antelias		300000 looklex Encyclopedia: 140,000 [20] [note 6] [note 11] looklex Encyclopedia: 300,000 [21] [note 5]	Western	Armenians in Lebanon	List of Lebanese Armenians
8	Argentina	Buenos Aires, Córdoba		130000 ArmeniaDiaspora.com: 130,000 [22]	Western	Armenians in Argentina	Notable Armenians in Argentina
9	Ukraine	Kiev, Odessa, Crimea, Dnipropetrovsk, Donetsk, Zaporizhzhia, Lviv, Luhansk, Kharkiv	99894 State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, 2001: 99,900 [23]		Eastern	Armenians in Ukraine
10	Poland	Gliwice, Gdansk, Kraków		94000 ArmeniaDiaspora.com: 94,000 [22]	Both. Mainly Eastern	Armenians in Poland	Notable Poles of Armenian descent
11	Turkey	Istanbul, with remaining communities in Vakıflı and Sason as well as Hamshenis who have retained their Armenian dialect (Homshetsi) in the Artvin Province.		70000 bolsohays.com:40,000 to 70,000 [24] [note 12]	Western	Armenians in Turkey	List of Armenian Patriarchs of Constantinople
12	Uzbekistan			70000 ArmeniaDiaspora.com: 70,000 [22]	Eastern	Armenians in Uzbekistan
13	Germany	Berlin[25], Köln, Mannheim, Hamburg, Hanau		42000 ArmeniaDiaspora.com: 42,000 [22] 68,000[citation needed]	Both. Mainly Eastern	Armenians in Germany
14	Canada	Ottawa, Montreal, Laval, Toronto, Cambridge, Vancouver	505000 Canada's national statistical agency, 2001: 40,505 [26] [note 13] Canada's national statistical agency, 2006: 50,500 [27] [note 14] [note 15]	120000 120,000[citation needed]	Both. Mainly Western	Armenians in Canada	List of Armenian Canadians
15	Greece	Athens, Thessaloniki, Piraeus		35,000 [28] (estimates to 55,000)	Both. Mainly Western	Armenians in Greece
16	Brazil	Greater São Paulo area		40,000[22] (there are estimates up to 80,000)	Western	Armenians in Brazil
17	Australia	Melbourne, Sydney		45,000[22] to 60,000	Both. Mainly Western	Armenians in Australia	Notable Armenian Australians
-	Abkhazia (de jure part of  Georgia)	Sukhumi, Gagra and Gulripsh districts	44,869 (2003 census)[29]		Both. Mainly Eastern	Armenians in Abkhazia
18	Spain	Madrid, Barcelona, Seville, Valencia		50,000[citation needed]	Western	Armenians in Spain
19	Turkmenistan			30,000-44,000 [30]	Eastern	Armenians in Turkmenistan
20	Afghanistan	Fayzabad, Mazari Sharif, Maymana, Herat		35,000 [30]	Eastern	Armenians in Afghanistan
21	Bulgaria	Sofia, Plovdiv		30,000[22] to more of 45,000[citation needed]	Both Western Eastern	Armenians in Bulgaria
22	Belarus			25,000[22]	Eastern	Armenians in Belarus
23	Kazakhstan			25,000[22] to 80,000[citation needed]	Eastern	Armenians in Kazakhstan
24	Iraq	Baghdad, Mosul, Zakho, Basra, Avzrog, Kirkuk.		20,000[22] or more[31] up to 22,000[citation needed]	Western	Armenians in Iraq	List of Notable Armenian-Iraqis
25	Uruguay			19,000[22] to 25,000[citation needed]	Western	Armenians in Uruguay
26	United Kingdom	London, Manchester		18,001[22] (there are estimates up to 100,000[citation needed])	Both. Mainly Western	Armenians in the United Kingdom	List of notable British-Armenians
27	Hungary	Budapest and Pest county		15,000 to 30,000 [32]	Western	Armenians in Hungary
28	Czech Republic			10,000[22] to 15,000[citation needed]	Both. Western Eastern	Armenians in the Czech Republic
29	Serbia			10,000[22]	Western	Armenians in the Serbia
30	Israel	Jerusalem (Armenian Quarter)		9,800[citation needed]	Western	Armenians in Israel Armenian Quarter
31	Egypt	Cairo, Alexandria		8,200 to 12,500[citation needed]	Western	Armenians in Egypt	List of Egyptian Armenians
32	Sweden	Stockholm, Uppsala[citation needed]		8,000 to 12,000[citation needed]	both	Armenians in Sweden
33	Moldova			7,000[citation needed]	Eastern	Armenians in Moldova
34	Netherlands	Amsterdam, Dordrecht, The Hague, Leiden, Rotterdam		6,000 to 10,000	Western	Armenians in the Netherlands
35	Tajikistan	Dushanbe, Khujand, Chkalovsk, and Qurghonteppa[33]	995 2000 Census: 995 [33]		Eastern	Armenians in Tajikistan
36	Latvia			5,000 to 6,300[citation needed]	Eastern	Armenians in Latvia
37	Switzerland	Zurich		5,000 to 9,000[citation needed]	Western	Armenians in Switzerland
38	Kuwait			5,000 to 10,000[citation needed]	Western	Armenians in Kuwait
39	Jordan	Amman		5,000 (there are estimates up to 65,000[citation needed])( [34]	Western	Armenians in Jordan
40	Kyrgyzstan			3,285[citation needed]. Current estimate between 4,000-4,700[citation needed]	Eastern	Armenians in Kyrgyzstan
41	United Arab Emirates	Dubai[35], Abu Dhabi[35]		4,600[citation needed]	Western	Armenians in the United Arab Emirates
42	Denmark	Aarhus, Copenhagen, Odense		4,300	Western	Armenians in Denmark
43	Austria			3,000 to more of 7,000	Western	Armenians in Austria
44	Nicaragua			2,907	Western	Armenians in Nicaragua
45	Cyprus	Nicosia, Limassol and Larnaca	1987: 2,740[citation needed]	6,000[citation needed]	Western	Armenians in Cyprus
46	Venezuela			3,000[citation needed]	Western	Armenians in Venezuela
47	Lithuania			2,736	Eastern	Armenians in Lithuania
48	Italy	Milan, Rome, Venice		2,500 to 4,000	Western	Armenians in Italy
49	Estonia			2,300	Eastern	Armenians in Estonia
50	Romania			1,780 to 3,000	Western	Armenians in Romania	List of Notable Romanians of Armenian Descent
51	Norway			1,000-2,000	Western	Armenians in Norway
52	Finland			1,000-2,000	Western	Armenians in Finland
53	Chile			1,000	Western	Armenians in Chile
54	Sudan			1,000-1,500	Western	Armenians in Sudan
55	Thailand			1,000	Western	Armenians in Thailand
56	Honduras			900	Western	Armenians in Honduras
57	New Zealand			600-1,000	Western	Armenians in New Zealand
58	Mexico	Guadalajara, Puebla, Tijuana		560 (there are estimates up to 15,000)	Western	Armenians in Mexico
59	Albania	Tirana, Durrës		576	Western	Armenians in Albania
60	India	Kolkata		500 to 900	Both	Armenians in India
61	Myanmar	Mandalay, Yangon	446 1881: 466 [36]		Both	Armenians in Burma
62	Qatar			400	Western	Armenians in Qatar
63	Colombia			400–500?	Western	Armenians in Colombia
64	Monaco			400	Western	Armenians in Monaco
65	Peru	Lima, Arequipa		200-250?	Western	Armenians in Peru
66	South Africa			200-400?	Western	Armenians in South Africa
67	Pakistan			200	Western	Armenians in Pakistan
68	Cuba			165	Western	Armenians in Cuba
69	Ethiopia			100 to 300	Western	Armenians in Ethiopia
70	China			16[22] to 350[citation needed]	Western	Armenians in China
71	Zimbabwe			82 to 230	Western	Armenians in Zimbabwe
72	Hong Kong			16[22] to 150[citation needed]	Western	Armenians in Hong Kong
73	Guatemala			50 to 150[citation needed]	Western	Armenians in Guatemala
74	Bahrain			74 to 120	Western	Armenians in Bahrain
75	Ireland			120	Western	Armenians in Ireland
76	Côte d'Ivoire			20[22] to 100[citation needed]	Western	Armenians in Côte d'Ivoire
-	Japan			30-60	Western	Armenians in Japan
-	Dominican Republic			-	Western	Armenians in the Dominican Republic
-	Costa Rica			-	Western	Armenians in Costa Rica
-	Singapore			-	Western	Armenians in Singapore
-	Indonesia			84	Western	Armenians in Indonesia
-	Slovakia			78 [37]	Western	Armenians in Slovakia
-	Bangladesh			50-80	Western	Armenians in Bangladesh
-	Ghana			15[22]	Western	Armenians in Ghana
-	Senegal			15[22]	Western	Armenians in Senegal
-	Luxembourg			10[22]	Western	Armenians in Luxembourg
-	Vietnam			8[22]	Western	Armenians in Vietnam
-	South Korea			12[22] to 50[citation needed]	Western	Armenians in South Korea
-	Zambia			10[22] to 80[citation needed]	Western	Armenians in Zambia
-	Philippines			8-30 [22]	Western	Armenians in the Philippines
-	Swaziland			8 [22]	Western	Armenians in Swaziland
-	Bolivia			12	Western	Armenians in Bolivia
-	Puerto Rico		7 [38]		Western	Armenians in Puerto Rico
-	Bahamas			5	Western	Armenians in Bahamas

[edit] Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} 97.9% of est. 2,968,586 people living in Armenia
2. ^ According to NationMaster almost all Armenians in de jure Azerbaijan live in Nagorno-Karabakh and 1.5% of 7,961,619 people in Azerbaijan are Armenian
3. ^ 5.7% of est. 4,630,841 people living in Georgia
4. ^ 5.7% of est. 4,661,473 people living in Georgia
5. ^ ^{a b c} Language
6. ^ ^{a b c} Religion
7. ^ 500,000 Armenian Orthodox + 2,500 Armenian Catholics
8. ^ 5.7% of est. 4,630,841 people living in Georgia
9. ^ 5.7% of est. 4,661,473 people living in Georgia
10. ^ 160,000 Armenian Orthodox + 30,000 Armenian Catholics
11. ^ 120,000 Armenian Orthodox + 20,000 Armenian Catholics
12. ^ Hamshenis are not included
13. ^ 27,175 reported "Armenian" as their only ethnicy; 13,330 reported multiple ethnicies
14. ^ 32,530 reported "Armenian" as their only ethnicy; 17,970 reported multiple ethnicies
15. ^ 41,265 are more than 15 years old

[edit] See also

• List of Armenians
• Ethnic minorities in Armenia

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• ArmeniaDiaspora.com
• ArmeniaDiaspora.com 1999, 2002, 2006 conference pages
• Armenians In ... | Forum For Worldwide Armenians
• InHomage Armenian Memorial dedicated to the victims of 1915 - Recording and referencing of the Names by area - Contact between the descendants

[edit] Armenian Diaspora Political Organizations

• Armenian-Diaspora.com | Национальное Сообщество Армян
• European Armenian Federation for Justice & Democracy - Europe
• Armenian National Committee of America - USA
• Comité de Défense de la Cause Arménienne - France
• Armenian National Committee of Canada - Canada
• Armenian National Committee of Middle East - Middle East

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