Category (mathematics)
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In mathematics, a category is a fundamental and abstract way to describe mathematical entities and their relationships. A category is composed of a collection of abstract "objects" of any kind, linked together by a collection of abstract "arrows" of any kind that have a few basic properties (the ability to compose the arrows associatively and the existence of an identity arrow for each object). Two categories are the same if they have the same collection of objects, the same collection of arrows, and the same associative method of composing any two arrows. Two categories may also be considered "equivalent" for purposes of category theory, even if they are not precisely the same. Many well-known categories are conventionally identified by a short capitalized word or abbreviation in bold or italics such as Set (category of sets) or Ring (category of rings).
The notion of a category is the central idea within a branch of mathematics called category theory, which seeks to generalize all of mathematics in terms of such abstract objects and arrows, independent of the particular details of what the objects and arrows represent. Virtually every branch of modern mathematics can be described in terms of categories, and doing so often reveals deep insights and similarities between seemingly-different areas of mathematics. For more extensive motivational background and historical notes, see category theory and the list of category theory topics.
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[edit] Definition
A category C consists of
- a class ob(C) of objects:
- a class hom(C) of morphisms, or arrows, or maps, between the objects. Each morphism f has a unique source object a and target object b where a and b are in ob(C). We write f: a → b, and we say "f is a morphism from a to b". We write hom(a, b) (or homC(a, b) when there may be confusion about which category hom(a, b) refers to) to denote the hom-class of all morphisms from a to b. (Some authors write Mor(a, b) or simply C(a, b) instead.)
- for every three objects a, b and c, a binary operation hom(a, b) × hom(b, c) → hom(a, c) called composition of morphisms; the composition of f : a → b and g : b → c is written as g o f or gf. (Some authors write fg or f;g.)
such that the following axioms hold:
- (associativity) if f : a → b, g : b → c and h : c → d then h o (g o f) = (h o g) o f, and
- (identity) for every object x, there exists a morphism 1x : x → x called the identity morphism for x, such that for every morphism f : a → b, we have 1b o f = f = f o 1a.
From these axioms, one can prove that there is exactly one identity morphism for every object. Some authors use a slight variation of the definition in which each object is identified with the corresponding identity morphism.
A small category is a category in which both ob(C) and hom(C) are actually sets and not proper classes. A category that is not small is said to be large. A locally small category is a category such that for all objects a and b, the hom-class hom(a, b) is a set, called a homset. Many important categories in mathematics (such as the category of sets), although not small, are at least locally small.
[edit] Examples
The category Set consists of all sets together with all functions between sets, where composition is the usual function composition. Set is a large category.
Any directed graph generates a small category: the objects are the vertices of the graph, and the morphisms are the paths in the graph where composition of morphisms is concatenation of paths. Such a category is called the free category generated by the graph. This example demonstrates that morphisms need not be functions.
A discrete category is a category whose only morphisms are the identity morphisms. If I is a set, the discrete category on I is the small category that has the elements of I as objects and only the identity morphisms as morphisms. The composition law is forced, because there is at most one morphism from any object to another. Discrete categories are the simplest kind of category.
Any monoid forms a small category with a single object x. (Here, x is any fixed set.) The morphisms from x to x are precisely the elements of the monoid, and the categorical composition of morphisms is given by the monoid operation. One may view categories as generalizations of monoids; several definitions and theorems about monoids may be generalized for categories.
Any group can be seen as a category with a single object in which every morphism is invertible (for every morphism f there is a morphism g that is both left and right inverse to f under composition) by viewing the group as acting on itself by left multiplication.
Any preordered set (P, ≤) forms a small category, where the objects are the members of P, the morphisms are arrows pointing from x to y when x ≤ y. Between any two objects there can be at most one morphism. The existence of identity morphisms and the composability of the morphisms are guaranteed by the reflexivity and the transitivity of the preorder. By the same argument, any partially ordered set and any equivalence relation can be seen as a small category. Any ordinal number can be seen as a category when viewed as a ordered set.
The category Rel consists of all sets, with binary relations as morphisms. Abstracting from relations instead of functions yields allegories instead of categories.
The category Cat consists of all small categories with functors.
[edit] Concrete categories
The following are examples of concrete categories, obtained by adding some type of structure onto Set, and requiring that morphisms are functions that respect this added structure; the morphism composition is ordinary function composition.
| Category | Objects | Morphisms |
|---|---|---|
| Ord | preordered sets | monotonic functions |
| Mag | magmas | magma homomorphisms |
| Grp | groups | group homomorphisms |
| Ab | abelian groups | group homomorphisms |
| Ring | rings | ring homomorphisms |
| R-Mod | R-Modules, where R is a Ring | module homomorphisms |
| VectK | vector spaces over the field K | K-linear maps |
| Top | topological spaces | continuous functions |
| Met | metric spaces | short maps |
| Uni | uniform spaces | uniformly continuous functions |
| Manp | smooth manifolds | p-times continuously differentiable maps |
Fiber bundles with bundle maps between them form a concrete category.
[edit] Construction of new categories
[edit] Dual category
Any category C can itself be considered as a new category in a different way: the objects are the same as those in the original category but the arrows are those of the original category reversed. This is called the dual or opposite category and is denoted Cop.
[edit] Product categories
If C and D are categories, one can form the product category C × D: the objects are pairs consisting of one object from C and one from D, and the morphisms are also pairs, consisting of one morphism in C and one in D. Such pairs can be composed componentwise.
[edit] Types of morphisms
A morphism f : a → b is called
- a monomorphism (or monic) if fg1 = fg2 implies g1 = g2 for all morphisms g1, g2 : x → a.
- an epimorphism (or epic) if g1f = g2f implies g1 = g2 for all morphisms g1, g2 : b → x.
- a bimorphism if it is both a monomorphism and an epimorphism.
- a retraction if it has a right inverse, i.e. if there exists a morphism g : b → a with fg = 1b.
- a section if it has a left inverse, i.e. if there exists a morphism g : b → a with gf = 1a.
- an isomorphism if it has an inverse, i.e. if there exists a morphism g : b → a with fg = 1b and gf = 1a.
- an endomorphism if a = b. The class of endomorphisms of a is denoted end(a).
- an automorphism if f is both an endomorphism and an isomorphism. The class of automorphisms of a is denoted aut(a).
Every retraction is an epimorphism. Every section is a monomorphism. The following three statements are equivalent:
- f is a monomorphism and a retraction;
- f is an epimorphism and a section;
- f is an isomorphism.
Relations among morphisms (such as fg = h) can most conveniently be represented with commutative diagrams, where the objects are represented as points and the morphisms as arrows.
[edit] Types of categories
- In many categories, e.g. Ab or VectK, the hom-sets hom(a, b) are not just sets but actually abelian groups, and the composition of morphisms is compatible with these group structures; i.e. is bilinear. Such a category is called preadditive. If, furthermore, the category has all finite products and coproducts, it is called an additive category. If all morphisms have a kernel and a cokernel, and all epimorphisms are cokernels and all monomorphisms are kernels, then we speak of an abelian category. A typical example of an abelian category is the category of abelian groups.
- A category is called complete if all limits exist in it. The categories of sets, abelian groups and topological spaces are complete.
- A category is called cartesian closed if it has finite direct products and a morphism defined on a finite product can always be represented by a morphism defined on just one of the factors. Examples include Set and CPO, the category of complete partial orders with Scott-continuous functions.
- A topos is a certain type of cartesian closed category in which all of mathematics can be formulated (just like classically all of mathematics is formulated in the category of sets). A topos can also be used to represent a logical theory.
- A groupoid is a category in which every morphism is an isomorphism. Groupoids are generalizations of groups, group actions and equivalence relations.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Adámek, Jiří; Herrlich, Horst; Strecker, George E. (1990), Abstract and Concrete Categories, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-60922-6, http://katmat.math.uni-bremen.de/acc/acc.pdf (now free on-line edition, GNU FDL).
- Asperti, Andrea; Longo, Giuseppe (1991), Categories, Types and Structures, MIT Press, ftp://ftp.di.ens.fr/pub/users/longo/CategTypesStructures/book.pdf.
- Barr, Michael; Wells, Charles (2002), Toposes, Triples and Theories, http://www.cwru.edu/artsci/math/wells/pub/ttt.html (revised and corrected free online version of Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften (278) Springer-Verlag, 1983).
- Borceux, Francis (1994), "Handbook of Categorical Algebra", Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, 50–52, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Lawvere, William; Schanuel, Steve (1997), Conceptual Mathematics: A First Introduction to Categories, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Mac Lane, Saunders (1998), Categories for the Working Mathematician, Graduate Texts in Mathematics 5 (2nd ed.), Springer-Verlag, ISBN 0-387-98403-8.
- Marquis, Jean-Pierre (2006), "Category Theory", in Zalta, Edward N., Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/category-theory/.
[edit] External links
- Chris Hillman, Categorical primer, formal introduction to Category Theory.
- Homepage of the Categories mailing list, with extensive list of resources
- Category Theory section of Alexandre Stefanov's list of free online mathematics resources
