Effie Gray
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Euphemia ('Effie') Chalmers Gray (1828 - 1897) was the wife of the critic John Ruskin, but eventually left her husband, and after the annulment of the marriage, married his protégé, the Pre-Raphaelite painter John Everett Millais. This famous Victorian "love triangle" has been dramatised in several plays and an opera.
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[edit] Relationship with Ruskin and Millais
Effie was born in Perth, Scotland and lived in Bowerswell, the house where Ruskin's grandfather had committed suicide. Her family knew Ruskin's father, who encouraged a match between them. In 1841, Ruskin wrote the fantasy novel The King of the Golden River for twelve year-old Effie. After their marriage in 1846, they travelled to Venice where Ruskin was researching his book The Stones of Venice. However, their different temperaments soon caused problems, with Effie, who was naturally outgoing and flirtatious, coming to feel oppressed by Ruskin's dogmatic personality.
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When she met Millais five years later, Effie was still a virgin, as Ruskin had persistently put off consummating the marriage. His reasons are unclear, but they involved disgust with some aspect of her body. As Effie later wrote to her father, "He alleged various reasons, hatred to children, religious motives, a desire to preserve my beauty, and, finally this last year he told me his true reason... that he had imagined women were quite different to what he saw I was, and that the reason he did not make me his Wife was because he was disgusted with my person the first evening 10th April." Ruskin confirmed this in his statement to his lawyer during the annulment proceedings. "It may be thought strange that I could abstain from a woman who to most people was so attractive. But though her face was beautiful, her person was not formed to excite passion. On the contrary, there were certain circumstances in her person which completely checked it."[2] The reason for this disgust with "circumstances in her person" is unknown. Various suggestions have been made, including revulsion from either her pubic hair,[3] or menstrual blood.[4]
While married to Ruskin, she modelled for Millais' painting The Order of Release, in which she was depicted as the loyal wife of a Scottish rebel who has secured his release from prison. She then became close to Millais when he accompanied the couple on a trip to Scotland in order to paint Ruskin's portrait according to the critic's artistic principles. During this time, spent in Brig o'Turk in the Trossachs, they fell in love. Effie left Ruskin and, with the support of her family and a number of influential friends, filed for an annulment, causing a major public scandal; their marriage was annulled in 1854. In 1855, Effie and John Millais married. During the marriage she bore Millais eight children, one of whom was the notable bird artist and gardener John Guille Millais. She also modelled for a number of his works, notably Peace Concluded (1856), which idealises her as an icon of beauty and fertility.
When Ruskin later sought to become engaged to a teenage girl, Rose la Touche, Rose's parents were concerned. They wrote to Effie, who replied by describing Ruskin as an oppressive husband. There is no reason to doubt Effie's sincerity, but her intervention helped to break up the engagement, probably contributing to Ruskin's later mental breakdown.
[edit] Effie's influence on Millais
After his marriage, Millais began to paint in a broader style, which Ruskin condemned as a "catastrophe". Marriage had given him a large family to support, and it is claimed that Effie encouraged him to churn out popular works for financial gain and to maintain her busy social life. However, there is no evidence that Effie consciously pressured him to do so, though she was an effective manager of his career and often collaborated with him in choosing subjects. Effie's journal indicates her high regard for her husband's art, and his works are still recognisably Pre-Raphaelite in style several years after his marriage.
However, Millais eventually abandoned the Pre-Raphaelite obsession with detail and began to paint in a looser style which produced more paintings for the time and effort. Many were inspired by his family life with Effie, often using his children and grandchildren as models.
[edit] Later life
The annulment barred Effie from some social functions. She was not allowed in the presence of Queen Victoria; so if the Queen were present at an event, Effie was not invited. Prior to the annulment, she had been socially very active and this really bothered her. Eventually, when Millais was dying, the Queen relented, allowing Effie to attend an official function.
Effie died a few months after her husband, on Christmas Eve, 1897. She is buried in Kinnoull churchyard, Perth, which is depicted in Millais's painting The Vale of Rest.
[edit] Effie in drama and literature
Effie's marriage to Ruskin and her romance with Millais have been dramatised on many occasions:
- The Love of John Ruskin (1912) a silent movie about Ruskin, Effie and Millais.
- The Love School (1975) a BBC series about the Pre-Raphaelites, starring Anne Kidd (Effie), David Collings (Ruskin), Peter Egan (Millais)
- John Ruskin's Wife (1979) a novel about the relationship by Eva McDonald.
- The Passion of John Ruskin (1994), a short film directed by Alex Chappel, starring Mark McKinney (Ruskin), Neve Campbell (Effie) and Colette Stevenson (Effie's voice).
- "Modern Painters" (opera) (1995) an opera about Ruskin, Effie and Millais.
- Parrots and Owls (1994) a radio play by John Purser about the O'Shea brothers in which Effie appears as a friend of James O'Shea and her marital problems are discussed.
- The Countess, (1995) a play written by Gregory Murphy concentrating on the breakdown of the marriage between Ruskin and Effie.
- The Order of Release (1998) A radio play by Robin Brooks about Ruskin (Bob Peck), Effie (Sharon Small) and Millais (David Tennant).
- The Woman Who Gave Birth to Rabbits (2002), a collection of short stories by Emma Donoghue, contains a story Come, Gentle Night about Ruskin and Effie's wedding night.
- Mrs Ruskin (2003), a play by Kim Morrissey about the breakdown of the marriage and Effie's fraught relationship with Ruskin's domineering mother.
[edit] References
- ^ Euphemia ('Effie') Chalmers (née Gray), Lady Millais, National Portrait Gallery
- ^ Lutyens, M., Millais and the Ruskins, p.191
- ^ Phyllis Rose (1983) Parallel Lives; Franny Moyle (2009) Desperate Romantics
- ^ Peter Fuller, Theoria: Art and the Absence of Grace, Chatto & Windus, 1988, pp.11-12
