Uralic Phonetic Alphabet

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The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet (UPA) or Finno-Ugric transcription system is a phonetic transcription or notational system used predominantly for the transcription of Uralic languages. It was first published in 1901 by Eemil Nestor Setälä, a Finnish linguist.

Unlike the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) notational standard which concentrates on accurately and uniquely transcribing the phonemes of a language, the UPA is also used to denote the functional categories of a language, as well as their phonetic quality. For this reason, it is not possible to automatically convert a UPA transcription into an IPA one.

The basic UPA characters are based on the Finnish alphabet where possible, with extensions taken from Cyrillic and Greek orthographies. Small-capital letters and some novel diacritics are also used.

[edit] General

Unlike the IPA, which is usually transcribed with upright characters, the UPA is usually transcribed with italic characters. Although many of its characters are also used in standard Latin, Greek, Cyrillic orthographies or the IPA, and are found in the corresponding Unicode blocks, many are not. These have been encoded in the Phonetic Extensions and Phonetic Extensions Supplement blocks. Font support for these extended characters is very rare; Code2000 and Fixedsys Excelsior are two fonts that do support them.

[edit] Vowels

A vowel to the left of a dot is illabial (unrounded); to the right is labial (rounded).

	Palatal	Central	Velar
Close	i • • u e • • o ə a • å
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open

Other vowels are denoted using diacritics; see the section below.

The UPA also uses three characters to denote a vowel of uncertain quality:

• ɜ denotes a vowel of uncertain quality;
• ᴕ denotes a back vowel of uncertain quality;
• ᴕ́̈ denotes a front vowel of uncertain quality

If a distinction between close-mid vowels and open-mid vowels is needed, the IPA symbols for the open-mid basic front illabial and back labial vowels, <ɛ> and <ɔ>, can be used. However, in keeping with the principles of the UPA, the one-mid front labial and back illabial vowels are still transcribed with the addition of diacritics, as <ɔ̈> and <ɛ̮>.

[edit] Consonants

The following table describes the consonants of the UPA. Note that the UPA does not distinguish voiced fricatives from approximates, and does not contain many characters of the IPA such as [ɹ].

When there are two or more consonants in a column, the rightmost one is voiced; when there are three, the centre one is partially devoiced.

[edit] Modifiers

UPA modifier characters

Character	Unicode	Image	Description	Use
ä	U+xxxx0308	-	umlaut above	Palatal (fully front) vowel
ạ	U+0323		dot below	Palatal (fronted) variant of vowel
a̮	U+032F		breve below	Velar (fully back or backed) vowel or variant of vowel
ā	U+0304		macron	Long form of a vowel; also by duplication
a͔	U+0354		left arrowhead below	Advanced form of a vowel or consonant
a͕	U+0355		right arrowhead below	Retracted form of a vowel or consonant
a̭	U+032D		circumflex below	Raised variant of a vowel
a̬	U+032C		caron below	Lowered variant of a vowel
ă	U+0306		breve	Shorter or reduced vowel
a̯	U+032F		inverted breve below	Non-syllabic, glide or semi-vowel
ʀ	—		small capital	Unvoiced or partially voiced version of voiced sound
i	—		superscripted character	Very short sound
ə	—		subscripted character	Coarticulation due to surrounding sounds
ᴞ	—		Rotated (180°) or sideways (−90°)	Reduced form of sound

[edit] Sample use of UPA

This section contains some sample words from both Uralic languages and English (using Australian English) along with comparisons to the IPA transcription.

[edit] External links

• Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS