Forced convection
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Forced convection is a mechanism, or type of heat transport in which fluid motion is generated by an external source (like a pump, fan, suction device, etc.). Forced convection is often encountered by engineers designing or analyzing heat exchangers, pipe flow, and flow over a plate at a different temperature than the stream (the case of a shuttle wing during re-entry, for example). However, in any forced convection situation, some amount of natural convection is always present whenever there are g-forces present (i.e., unless the system is in free fall). When the natural convection is not negligible, such flows are typically referred to as mixed convection.
When analysing potentially mixed convection, a parameter called the Archimedes number (Ar) parametizes the relative strength of free and forced convection. The Archimedes number is the ratio of Grashof number and the square of Reynolds number, which represents the ratio of buoyancy force and inertia force, and which stands in for the contribution of natural convection. When Ar >> 1, natural convection dominates and when Ar << 1, forced convection dominates.
When natural convection isn't a significant factor, mathematical analysis with forced convection theories typically yields accurate results. The parameter of importance in forced convection is the Peclet number, which is the ratio of advection (movement by currents) and diffusion (movement from high to low concentrations) of heat.
When the Peclet number is much greater than unity (1), advection dominates diffusion. Similarly, much smaller ratios indicate a higher rate of diffusion relative to advection.
[edit] References
- ^ Incropera, F. (2001). Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 5th Ed.. Wiley. ISBN 978-0471386506.
[edit] Bibliography
- Cebeci, Tuncer (2002). Convective Heat Transfer. Springer. ISBN 096684615X.
- Burmeister, Louis (1993). Convective Heat Transfer, 2E. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 047157709X.
- Hewitt, G.F (1994). Process Heat Transfer. CRC Press Inc. ISBN 0-8493-9918-1.
