In the Penal Colony
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"In the Penal Colony" (German: "In der Strafkolonie") is a short story in German by Franz Kafka, first written in 1914. It is set in an unnamed penal colony. Internal clues and the setting on an island suggest Octave Mirbeau's The Torture Garden as an influence.[1] As in some of Kafka's other writings, the narrator in this story seems detached from, or perhaps numbed by, events that one would normally expect to be registered with horror.
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[edit] Plot
"In the Penal Colony" is a story about the last use of an elaborate torture and execution device that carves the sentence of the man on his skin in a script before letting him die, all in the course of twelve hours. As the plot unfolds, the reader learns more and more about the machine, including its origin, and original justification.[2]
There are only four characters, named only according to their role in the story. The Officer is the machine's operator, the Condemned is a man scheduled for execution, the Soldier is responsible for guarding the Condemned, and the Traveler (in the original, he is called "der Forschungsreisender," or "the traveler/researcher/voyager," and often simply "der Reisende") is a European dignitary and visitor.
The story is told from the point of view of the Traveler, who—like the reader—is encountering this brutal machine for the first time. Everything about the machine and its purpose is told to him by the Officer, while the Soldier and the Condemned (who is unaware that he has been sentenced to die) placidly watch nearby. The Officer tells of the religious epiphany the executed experience in their last six hours in the machine.
Eventually it becomes clear that the use of the machine, and its associated process of justice where the accused is always instantly found guilty, has fallen out of favor with the current Commandant. The Officer is nostalgic regarding the torture machine and the values that were initially associated with it. As the last proponent of the machine, he strongly believes in its form of justice and the infallibility of the previous Commandant, who designed and built the device. In fact, the Officer carries its blueprints with him and is the only person who can properly decipher them; no one else is allowed to handle these documents.
The Officer begs the Traveler to speak to the current Commandant on behalf of the machine's continued use. He refuses to do so, although he says he will not speak against it and will leave before he can be called to give an official account. The Officer realizes that this will be the machine's last use; he frees the Condemned and sets up the machine for himself, with the words "Be Just" to be written on him. However, the machine malfunctions due to its advanced state of disrepair; instead of its usual elegant operation, it quickly stabs the Officer to death, denying him the religious experience of the prisoners he executed.[3]
Accompanied by the Soldier and the Condemned, the Traveler makes his way to a tea-house in which he is shown the grave of the old Commandant. Its stone is set so low that a table can easily be placed over it; the inscription states his followers' belief that he will rise from the dead someday and take control of the colony once more. As the Traveler prepares to leave by boat, the Soldier and the Condemned try to board but are repelled.
[edit] Adaptations
- In 1999, Charlie Deaux wrote and directed the short avant-garde film Zoetrope, which is loosely based upon the story.
- In 2000, composer Philip Glass wrote a chamber opera, In the Penal Colony, based on the Kafka story.
[edit] English editions, translations
- "In the Penal Colony." The Complete Stories. Ed. Nahum N. Glatzer. New York: Schocken, 1995. 140-167. ISBN 0-8052-1055-5.
- The Metamorphosis and Other Stories. Trans. Donna Freed. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1996. ISBN 978-1-56619-969-8.
- "In the Penal Colony." Kafka's Selected Stories. Trans. and ed. Stanley Corngold. Norton Critical Edition. New York: Norton, 2007. 35-59. ISBN 9780393924794.
[edit] In popular culture
Frank Zappa, in the liner notes of the Mothers of Invention album We're Only in It for the Money, recommends reading the short story before listening to the song "The Chrome Plated Megaphone of Destiny."
On the album "Closer," Ian Curtis was inspired by "In The Penal Colony" to write the Joy Division song "Colony."
The Kafka Machine is a pedagogic device in which a machine designed to make a punishment that fits a crime (i.e., the machine of In the Penal Colony) is used to illustrate a constitutional limitation on the power of the US Congress to enact patent legislation. The limitation is to what the US Constitution called the "useful Arts," and the legal argument is that what this machine does is not within the "useful Arts."
[edit] References
- ^ Corngold, Stanley (2007). Kafka's Selected Stories. New York: Norton. p. 44 n.8. ISBN 9780393924794.
- ^ For a study of the story in relation to the British penal colony Port Arthur, Tasmania, see Frow, John (2000). "In The Penal Colony". Journal of Australian Studies: 1ff.
- ^ Fickert, Kurt J. (2001). "The Failed Epiphany in Kafka's 'In der Strafkolonie.'". Germanic Notes and Reviews 32 (2): 153-59.
[edit] External links
- Original German text (In der Strafkolonie)
- An English translation of the story
- Zoetrope at the Internet Movie Database
- In the Penal Colony (2006) at the Internet Movie Database
