James Oglethorpe
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James Oglethorpe
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| In office 1732 – 1743 |
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| Prime Minister | Sir Robert Walpole |
| Preceded by | None, Office created |
| Succeeded by | William Stephens |
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| Born | December 22, 1696 London, England |
| Died | June 30, 1785 (aged 88) Cranham, England |
| Profession | Statesman, Soldier |
| Religion | Anglican |
James Edward Oglethorpe (December 22, 1696 – June 30, 1785) was a British general, a philanthropist, and was the founder of the colony of Georgia. As a social reformer in Britain, he hoped to resettle Britain's poor, especially those in debtor's prison, in the New World.
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[edit] History
[edit] Early life
He was born in London, the son of Sir Theophilus Oglethorpe (1650-1702) of Westbrook Place, Godalming in the county of Surrey. Oglethorpe entered Corpus Christi College, Oxford in 1714, but in the same year left to join the army of Prince Eugene of Savoy. Through the recommendation of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough he became aide-de-camp to the prince, and during the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–18 he served with distinction in the campaign against the Turks during 1716-17, particularly at the siege and capture of Belgrade. After his return to England he was elected as a Tory Member of Parliament for Haslemere in 1722. He campaigned for the improvement of the circumstances of poor debtors in London prisons. For the purpose of providing a refuge for people who had become insolvent and for oppressed Protestants on the continent, he proposed the settlement of a colony in America between South Carolina and Spanish-held Florida.
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[edit] Founding of Georgia
Oglethorpe sailed for 88 days, arriving in Charleston, South Carolina on the ship Anne in late 1732, and settled near the present site of Savannah, Georgia on February 12, 1733. He negotiated with the Creek tribe for land and established a series of defensive forts, most notably Fort Frederica, of which substantial remains can still be visited. He then returned to England and arranged to have slavery banned in Georgia. Oglethorpe and his fellow trustees were granted a Royal Charter for the Province of Georgia between the Savannah and Altamaha rivers on June 9, 1732.[1]
Georgia was a key contested area, lying in between the two colonies. It was Oglethorpe's idea that British debtors should be released from prison and sent to Georgia. Although it is often repeated that this would theoretically rid Britain of its so-called undesirable elements, in fact it was Britain's "worthy poor" whom Oglethorpe wanted in Georgia. Ultimately, few debtors ended up in Georgia, the colonists included many Scots whose pioneering skills greatly assisted the colony, and many of Georgia's new settlers consisted of poor English tradesmen and artisans and religious refugees from Switzerland, France and Germany, as well as a number of Jewish refugees. The colony's charter provided for acceptance of all religions except Catholicism. The ban on Catholic settlers was based on the colony's proximity to the hostile settlements in Spanish Florida .
On February 21, 1734 Oglethorpe established the first Masonic Lodge within the British Colony of Georgia.[citation needed] Now known as Solomon's Lodge No. 1, F. & A. M. it is the "Oldest Continuously Operating English Constituted Lodge of Freemasons in the Western Hemisphere." For a period in 1736 Oglethorpe's secretary was John Wesley, later famous as a founder of Methodism.
Owing to the colony's primary role as a military buffer between English and Spanish-held territories, the original model for the colonisation of Georgia excluded the use of slave labour, fearing that runaway slaves could internally weaken the colony and assist the enemy at St. Augustine. But, instead of slaves defecting southwards to the Spanish, runaways from the Carolinas found refuge in Georgia, thus irritating its northern neighbour. The banning of slavery also reduced the work force, and this was felt to be a constraint on Georgia's early economic growth. Many settlers thus began to oppose Oglethorpe, regarding him as a misguided and "perpetual dictator." Many new settlers soon set their eyes on South Carolina as a less restrictive and, they hoped, a more profitable place to settle. In 1750, after Oglethorpe had left the colony, the ban on slavery was lifted and large numbers of slaves were soon imported.
In 1735 he visited Britain taking with him a delegation of Cherokee who met George II and his family at Kensington Palace.[2] Oglethorpe was widely acclaimed in London, although his expansionism was not welcomed in all quarters. The Duke of Newcastle, who directed British foreign policy, had tried to restrain Oglethorpe's efforts in the colony for fear of offending the Spanish, who Newcastle wished unsuccessfully to court as an ally. Newcastle eventually relented, and became a supporter of the colony admitting "it will now be pretty difficult to give up Georgia".[3] The colony was one of three major disputes which worsened Anglo-Spanish relations in the late 1730s.
[edit] Military command
In 1739, during the War of Jenkins' Ear, fought between British Georgia and Spanish Florida as part of a larger conflict, the War of Austrian Succession, Oglethorpe was responsible for a number of successful raids on Spanish forts, as well as the unsuccessful Siege of St. Augustine. Although Oglethorpe failed in his attempt to capture St. Augustine, there is a view among some historians that the strike deep into Spanish Florida succeeded in placing the Spanish on the defensive for several years, and that Oglethorpe's decision not to order an all-out assault on the city saved British lives. The invading force represented a large percentage of the total male British population of Georgia, and significant losses would have been a huge blow to the colony.
Among his most valuable Indian allies in this siege was Mary Musgrove. Her Indian name was Coosaponakeesa (lovely fawn) and she was married to John Musgrove, a trader. Following the failed attempt to strike against Florida, Oglethorpe commanded British forces during the Spanish invasion of Georgia, defeating them at the Battle of Bloody Marsh and forcing them to withdraw.
[edit] Return to Britain
After his exploits in Georgia, Oglethorpe returned to London in 1743 and rose steadily through the ranks of the British Army. There is some evidence that he returned to Europe under a pseudonym, and with the assistance of Field Marshall Keith (a distant relative who is said to have died in battle in Oglethorpe's arms). His private means at this time included an estate at Putney, and emoluments gained through his marriage to Elizabeth Wright, Lady of the manor of Cranham Hall (Cranham, Essex, England), although not before a pre-nuptial agreement protecting her property rights.[citation needed]
[edit] Jacobite Rebellion
These were the days of the "Old Pretender" and incursions in the north from Scotland. Oglethorpe had been busy forming a unit of Rangers which were to be shipped out to defend Georgia from future Spanish attacks. He immediately put his troops at the disposal of the government forces, under the command of the Duke of Cumberland, who were attempting to suppress the rebellion.[5]
Oglethorpe and his troops joined with Cumberland at Preston and attempted to harry the retreating Jacobite army as they tried to escape back to Scotland. He fought a skirmish at Shap Fell in Cumbria, but he was forced to break off the engagement by the intense weather and take shelter for the night. Overnight the Jacobites managed to withdraw and escape over the fell. Because of this Oglethorpe was court-martialled on the accusation of not pursuing the invaders more aggressively[6]; he was acquitted, attained the rank of General, but never again given a command.
[edit] Retirement
In 1785 Oglethorpe visited John Adams (the first US minister plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James's, i.e., the first US ambassador to Britain) shortly after the latter arrived in London. The meeting included an expression by Oglethorpe of his sadness of the ill-will that had existed between the countries, and it is suspected that his time in Georgia dealing with a recalcitrant British Government could have led to Oglethorpe's empathy with the revolutionaries.[citation needed]
Although notes were compiled, Johnson[who?] failed to complete a biography of the General.
Oglethorpe died at Cranham in 1785, and was buried at the centre of All Saints' parish church which immediately adjoins Cranham Hall (rebuilt c. 1790, but sketched prior by John Pridden in 1789). Elizabeth survived him a few years and was subsequently buried at his side. In the 1930s an exploration of their vault was made by the then President of Oglethorpe University, Atlanta, although permission to remove relics to the University's chapel in Oglethorpe's colony was denied by the Archdeacon. While All Saints' was also rebuilt c.1871, the new building reused the foundations of the old one, and it was specifically noted that, amongst others, Oglethorpe's memorial was replaced in its former location, on the south wall of the chancel, where it may be seen today. Oglethorpian anniversaries have since led to the donation of the altar rail in All Saints' by a ladies charity in Georgia, and a visit to All Saints' by the then Georgia Governor Zell Miller.
[edit] Other
Oglethorpe University, in Atlanta, Georgia, is named after James Edward Oglethorpe.[7]
A character based on James Oglethorpe plays an important role in The Age of Unreason, a series of four alternate history novels written by American science fiction and fantasy author Gregory Keyes.
Historical novelist F. van Wyck Mason published a novel, Rascal's Heaven (1964) about the founding of the colony of Georgia. Oglethorpe makes several brief but significant appearances as a character in the story. There are primary schools named after James Oglethorpe both in Savannah, Georgia, and Cranham, Essex, England, his burial place.
[edit] See also
[edit] Bibliography
- Baker-Smith, Veronica. Royal Discord: The Family of George II. Athena Press, 2008
[edit] References
- ^ The Avalon Project : Charter of Georgia : 1732
- ^ Baker-Smith p.74
- ^ Browning p.88
- ^ Cashin, Edward J. (Fall 2004). "Glimpses of Oglethorpe in Boswell's Life of Johnson". Georgia Historical Quarterly (Georgia Historical Society) 88 (3): 398-405. ISSN 0016-8297.
- ^ Baker-Smith p.132
- ^ Baker-Smith p.132
- ^ http://www.oglethorpe.edu/about_us/history/in_depth.asp
