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Jehovah's Witnesses and congregational discipline

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Jehovah's Witnesses employ various levels of congregational discipline as formal controls administered by elders in the congregation. The determination of guilt or innocence is judged by a tribunal of elders. A variety of controls can be enforced, from a restriction of duties performed in the congregation to excommunication, known as disfellowshipping, and shunning by the congregation. Members who are disfellowshipped have an opportunity to regain membership. The practice of shunning has been criticized by many non-members, and some members and ex-members.

Contents

[edit] 'Correction'

Actions a member might take may be regarded as sinful or simply regrettable, but may be termed ‘non-judicial’ because they are not considered to be of sufficient gravity to necessitate a judicial committee, and cannot result in disfellowshipping from the congregation. Non-judicial situations often do not require any specific action by congregation elders, but can be resolved by other forms of discipline (or correction) by such avenues as self-discipline, family discipline, and counsel by a mature fellow Witness (male or female).[1] Elders may also give recommendations or warnings to members in non-judicial situations.

Certain actions are considered to constitute “serious sins” that must involve the sinner’s formal repentance; the congregation’s body of elders would be involved in the correction (or, "discipline") if an active baptized Witness committed a “serious sin”. Such a situation will likely involve a “judicial committee” of three or more elders.[2]
See Discipline involving “serious sin”.

[edit] Discipline involving non-judicial situations

If the body of elders feels a matter warrants it, a particular “non-judicial” situation might involve discipline of one or more of several types, presented here in escalating seriousness.

[edit] Local needs

At conventions, assemblies, and about once each month at a local Service Meeting, a short talk regarding “Local needs” is discussed.[3] An elder addresses matters that are relevant to the local congregation, with instructions (discipline) for the course of action considered appropriate. Specific individuals who may be following the unadvised course are not named. At times, some temporary policy may be announced that might be seen as disciplinary; for example, it may be that an additional attendant is assigned outside a Kingdom Hall to discourage children from running on the sidewalk.[4]

[edit] Shepherding calls

Personal “shepherding visits” are intended to encourage members of the congregation, though may also include counsel and correction, then or on a subsequent visit.[5][6] Two elders (or an elder and a ministerial servant) may schedule and perform a particular shepherding visit on their own or at the direction of the body of elders.[7]

[edit] Withheld recommendations or assignments

If a member of the congregation is not considered to have the necessary qualifications or attitude, the body of elders may withhold its recommendation for him to serve in a position of responsibility, while not considering him disqualified from his existing responsibilities. For example, an individual elder or ministerial servant applying to serve with his area’s Regional Building Committee, perhaps due to issues with punctuality.[8] The withheld recommendation is intended to “discipline” the Witness, while leaving intact his existing assignments and “privileges of service”.

A Witness may have demonstrated a particular deficiency that limits his usefulness for certain responsibilities he may formerly have performed and which are typically performed by others in his position. For example, a ministerial servant who consistently seems insufficiently prepared for his meeting parts may have such assignments withheld for a time, even though he may continue serving as a ministerial servant or in some other “special privilege of service”.[9]

[edit] Limited "privileges of service"

An active Jehovah's Witness may have his congregational "privileges of service" limited even without having committed a serious sin. For example, the congregation may feel that he wronged others by some investment scheme which was not necessarily fraudulent.[10] While Witnesses sometimes refer to field ministry, after-meeting cleanup, and other responsibilities as "privileges", the term "privileges of service" often implies a specific range of assignments assisting elders and ministerial servants with meeting demonstrations and other, typically conspicuous, responsibilities.[11] Such limitations are usually temporary.[12]

[edit] Marking

Members who persist in a course considered scripturally wrong after repeated counsel by elders,[13] but are not guilty of something for which they could be disfellowshipped,[14] can be "marked". Though not shunned, they will be looked upon as bad company and social interaction outside of formal worship settings would generally is curtailed. This action is intended to 'shame' the person into following a particular course of action.[15] Generally, a talk would be given at the Service Meeting outlining the shameful course, but without explicitly naming the individual(s). This is done so that those who are aware of the wrong course can "keep this one marked," according to Jehovah's Witnesses' interpretation of 2 Thessalonians 3:14. The actions of those not aware of the person or conduct involved would not be affected.

[edit] Discipline involving “serious sin”

[edit] List of “serious sins”

Jehovah's Witnesses consider the following to constitute “serious sins”; a baptized Witness who commits one or more is subject to disfellowshipping or formal reproof. Violations for which a member can be disfellowshipped include: Abortion, adultery, apostasy[16], bestiality, blood transfusions, drug abuse, drunkenness, extortion, fornication, fraud, gambling, heresy, homosexual activity, idolatry, incest, interfaith activity, loose conduct[17], manslaughter, murder, perverted sex relations[18], polygamy, pornography[19], sexual abuse, spiritism, theft, and use of tobacco.

[edit] Procedures

Evidence for violations that can result in congregational discipline is obtained by voluntary confession to the elders or by witnesses of the violation. A minimum of two witnesses is required to establish guilt.[20] Members are instructed to report the serious sins of others.[21] Failure to report a serious sin of another member is viewed as "sharing in the sins of others," a sin before God.[22] Witnesses are instructed that pledges of confidentiality may be broken to report what they believe to be transgressions.[23]

The congregation's body of elders considers confessions or credible allegations of serious sin, and decides whether a judicial committee will be formed to address the matter.[24] A judicial committee, usually consisting of three elders, investigates the details of the alleged sin further. The committee arranges a formal judicial hearing to determine the circumstances of the sin, whether the accused is repentant, and to decide whether disciplinary actions will be taken.[25][26][27]

[edit] Minor or newly baptized

Under certain circumstances, a minor or newly baptized Witness who commits one or two acts of “serious sin” involving tobacco or overdrinking could be handled without the formation of a judicial committee,[28][29] though repercussions as for ‘non-judicial’ situations may still be imposed.

[edit] Repentance

In rare instances, a body of elders may handle a situation involving “serious sin” by a baptized Witness without a judicial committee. For example, if a member committed a “serious sin” several years ago, had formally repented in prayer, and the sin did not involve scheming, the body of elders may choose not to form a judicial committee regarding the matter.[30] Witnesses are strongly discouraged from waiting years to resolve such matters;[31] even if years have passed since the serious sin, it is typical for a judicial committee to be formed, and there may still be repercussions as for ‘non-judicial’ situations.

[edit] Judicial abeyance

A baptized Witness who has been inactive for some time and is neither perceived as nor presents himself as a Jehovah’s Witness may commit some “serious sin” that becomes known to his congregation's body of elders. If the apparent sinner is not associating with active Witnesses, the elders may indefinitely postpone a judicial committee and formal hearing unless and until the alleged sinner renews his association and identification with Jehovah’s Witnesses.[32]

[edit] Judicial committee

During its hearings, a committee may determine that there was no “serious sin”, or that the circumstances surrounding it effectively absolve the Witness involved. The committee could proceed with discipline such as is described above for ‘non-judicial’ situations; no disfellowshipping or 'reproof before onlookers' would be necessary. [33] Alternatively, the committee may decide that a serious sin was committed. The committee will provide counsel and weigh the individual's attitude and repentance, which will affect whether the discipline will involve formal reproof or disfellowshipping.

[edit] Loss of "special privileges"

If an elder, ministerial servant, pioneer, or any other publisher having "special privileges of service"[34] commits a serious infraction but is not disfellowshipped, they will still be removed from their responsibilities.[35] An elder may also be removed, or choose to step aside voluntarily, from his position if members of his household are not in "good standing".[36] Following either resignation or removal from an appointed position, a simple announcement that the person is "no longer serving" is made during the congregation's Service Meeting.[37]

[edit] Reproof

This involves actions for which a person could be disfellowshipped. Reproof is said to be an effort to reach the heart and convince person of the need to hate the sanctioned actions[38][39] and repent.[40] Reproof is considered sufficient if the individual is deemed repentant.[41][42] It is given before all who have knowledge of the transgression. If the conduct is known only to the individual and judicial committee, the reproof given would be private. If the sin is known by a small number, they would be invited by the elders, and reproof would be given before both the sinner and those with knowledge of the sin. If the action is known generally by the entire congregation and/or the community, an announcement would be made that the person "has been reproved".[43] A talk is generally given separately from this public announcement,[44] where the conduct is outlined, but without explicitly naming the people involved.[45]

In all cases of reproof, restrictions are imposed.[46] Restrictions may include not sharing in meeting parts, commenting during meetings, and giving group prayers. One cannot pioneer or auxiliary pioneer for at least one year after reproof is given.[47]

[edit] Disfellowshipping

All members are expected to abide by the beliefs of Jehovah's Witnesses, and serious violations of these requirements can result in disfellowshipping, a form of excommunication. Disfellowshipping is not automatic, even when a person is accused of one of the above transgressions. Accusations must be substantiated by at least two witnesses, based on their understanding of Deuteronomy 17:6 and Matthew 18:16, unless the person confesses voluntarily. In these cases, a committee of elders examines the evidence and seeks to determine whether the person has ceased the questionable activity and repented. If the individual is deemed to be repentant, the individual is then reproved, but if there is no sign of repentance, the person is disfellowshipped. A person can appeal a decision to disfellowship if they believe that a serious error in judgment has been made. Requests for appeal must be made in writing and within seven days of the decision of the judicial committee. If the decision is not appealed, an announcement is made at the Service Meeting that the named individual "is no longer one of Jehovah's Witnesses", without any further explanation. Shunning starts immediately after the announcement is made.

If a baptised Witness begins to teach doctrines contrary to Witness doctrines, it is grounds for disfellowshipping for apostasy. Elders usually try to reason with the individual before such action is taken.[48] If a person believes that a teaching should be adjusted or changed, he is encouraged ‘to be patient and wait on Jehovah for change’.[49]

All members are encouraged to have a detailed understanding of what is expected and the consequences of wrongdoing.[50] After baptism, members are also encouraged to remain up-to-date with changing doctrines and prohibitions. There is also an effort to update members on changes in understanding on judicial matters. The stated purpose of congregation discipline, represented by the elders is to help erring ones be restored to spiritual health. It also serves to help in upholding the organization's reputation and keeping the congregation clean from wrong conduct.[51]

[edit] Shunning

Jehovah's Witnesses practice shunning after disfellowshipping. The reasons given for the practice of disfellowshipping are:

  • to tolerate violations of the Bible's standards in their ranks would bring reproach on God's name and organization.
  • shunning keeps the congregation free of possible corrosive influences[52]
  • there is hope that such a serious measure will coerce the person in question to re-evaluate his course of action, repent and rejoin the religion.[53]

Shunning is also practiced if a person is "disassociated" from the organization. This can happen when a member, by actions or a statement, clearly indicates the desire to no longer be considered a Witness. This also occurs if a person joins another religion or organization that is in opposition to Witness teachings. After determining that the person is adamant in their decision, the elders make the same announcement as for disfellowshipping.[54]

In either case ("disfellowshipping" or "disassociating"), an announcement is made at the Kingdom Hall that "[name] is no longer one of Jehovah's Witnesses." This announcement is made at the congregation the person attends, and sometimes at other nearby congregations where the individual is well known. Congregation members are not informed whether a person is being shunned due to "disfellowshipping" or "disassociation", nor on what grounds.

Failure to adhere to the guidelines on shunning is itself considered a serious offense. It is the practice of Jehovah's Witnesses to counsel individuals who blatantly ignore the shunning process by "speaking to or associating with a disfellowshipped or disassociated person." They are said to be making themselves "a sharer in his wicked works." Those who do not repent after associating with an expelled person, can themselves be disfellowshipped.[55] Exceptions are made in some cases such as business relations and immediate family household situations. If the disfellowshipped person is living in the same home with other baptized family members, religious matters are not discussed, with the exception of minors, for whose training parents are still responsible.[56] Disfellowshipped family members outside the home are shunned.[57]

This does not exclude the disfellowshipped person from attending any congregational services or meetings held at the Kingdom Hall if they so choose, though they are shunned by the congregation.

[edit] Reinstatement after disfellowshipping

Disfellowshipping is not necessarily permanent. If a disfellowshipped person repents of his former conduct, he may be reinstated into the congregation. If a disassociated or disfellowshipped individual requests reinstatement to the congregation, a Judicial Committee, (the committee originally involved, if available) will try to determine whether he has repented.[58] Disfellowshipped ones must demonstrate that they no longer practice the conduct for which they were expelled from the congregation, as well as submission to the religion's regulations.[59][60][61] Individuals disfellowshipped for actions no longer considered gross sins, such as organ transplants, are not automatically reinstated. Meeting attendance while being shunned is considered by the organisation as an important step toward eventual reinstatement.[62] Once a decision is made to reinstate, a brief announcement is made to the congregation that the disfellowshipped member is once again one of Jehovah's Witnesses.

Each year, the elders make an attempt to remind disfellowshipped ones of the steps they can take to qualify for reinstatement.[63] No specific period of time is prescribed before this can happen; in most cases, at least six months pass, though in many cases, considerably longer. In 1974, the Witnesses said that about one third of those disfellowshipped eventually return to the group, based on figures gathered from 1963 to 1973.[64].

[edit] Legality of practice

In June 1987, the United States Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit upheld the Witnesses' right to disfellowship those who fail to live by the group's standards and doctrines. In so deciding, it upheld the ruling of a lower court that, to quote, "Shunning is a practice engaged in by Jehovah's Witnesses pursuant to their interpretation of canonical text, and we are not free to reinterpret that text … The defendants are entitled to the free exercise of their religious beliefs … The members of the Church [she] decided to abandon have concluded that they no longer want to associate with her. We hold that they are free to make that choice."[65]

[edit] Unbaptized publishers

If an unbaptized individual associating with Jehovah's Witnesses who is active in field service or is a student of the Ministry School acts in a manner considered inappropriate, they may lose privileges, such as commenting at meetings, receiving Ministry School assignments, or even accompanying the congregation in the public ministry.[66]

An unbaptized individual who is deemed unrepentant of actions for which baptized members might be disfellowshipped, an announcement would be made that the person is "is no longer a publisher of the good news." In the past, they would be disciplined in a practice similar to disfellowshipping; this practice has changed and unbaptized members are no longer officially shunned, though they would be considered "bad associations", based on their interpretation of 1 Corinthians 15:33.[67] The elders might also privately warn individuals in the congregation if the unbaptized person is considered to pose an unusual threat.[68]

[edit] Critical view

Critics[who?]contend that fear of family break-up or loss causes people to remain members who might otherwise freely leave the religion. Some refuse to talk to the elders for fear of being disfellowshipped and shunned. Jehovah's Witnesses maintain that disfellowshipping is a scripturally-documented method to protect the congregation from the influence of those who practice serious wrongdoing, otherwise known as "worldly" people.[69] Jehovah's Witnesses have no provision for conscientious objectors who freely leave to have any continued normal associations. The only way to officially leave the religion is to write a letter requesting to be disassociated or to be disfellowshipped, but both entail the same set of prohibitions and penalties. Critics further contend the judicial process itself, due to its private and nearly autonomous nature, directly contradicts the precedent found in the Bible and the organization's own teachings[70] and can be used in an arbitrary manner if there is consensus among just a few to abuse their authority.[71]

A letter dated September 1, 1980 was sent from the Watchtower Society to all Circuit and District overseers. According to Raymond Franz, this letter means that one who "merely disagrees in thought with any of the Watch Tower Society's teachings is committing apostasy and is liable for disfellowshipping."[72] However, not all agree with his conclusion. Many articles since then make it clear that one needs to take some type of action to be disfellowshipped[73], however revealing doctrinal concerns to the elders without necessarily promoting them to the rest of the congregation may be viewed as constituting such action. While it is true that the letter in question states that one does not have to “promote” different doctrines to be an apostate, it also makes it clear that elders need to exercise “discernment” to figure out whether one is a “trouble making apostate” or not.

[edit] References

  1. ^ "Speak What “Is Good for Building Up”", “Keep Yourselves in God’s Love”, page 142-143
  2. ^ "Maintaining the Peace and Cleanness of the Congregation", Organized to Do Jehovah's Will, page 151
  3. ^ Our Kingdom Ministry, Service meeting schedule, 1992-2009
  4. ^ "Question Box", Our Kingdom Ministry, March 1972, page 4
  5. ^ "Do You Accept Jehovah’s Help?", The Watchtower, December 15, 2004, page 21
  6. ^ "Charisma—Praise to Man or Glory to God?", The Watchtower, February 15, 1998, page 27
  7. ^ "How Christian Shepherds Serve You", The Watchtower, March 15, 1996, page 27
  8. ^ "Announcements", Our Kingdom Ministry, June 2005, page 3
  9. ^ "Guidelines for School Overseers", Benefit From Theocratic Ministry School Education, ©2001 Watch Tower, page 284, subheading "Making Assignments"
  10. ^ "Let Discernment Safeguard You", The Watchtower, March 15, 1997, page 19
  11. ^ "Let Your Advancement Be Manifest", Theocratic Ministry School Guidebook, page 191
  12. ^ "Are You Reaching Out?", The Watchtower, September 1, 1990, page 23
  13. ^ The Watchtower 4/15/85 p. 31 Questions From Readers
  14. ^ The Watchtower 4/15/85 p. 31 Questions From Readers
  15. ^ The Watchtower 4/15/85 p. 31 Questions From Readers
  16. ^ "Apostasy" includes publicly challenging the religion's teachings
  17. ^ "Questions from Readers: What does the expression 'loose conduct' as found at Galatians 5:19 mean?". (September 15, 1973). The Watchtower, p. 574, "It is not limited to acts of sexual immorality. And, rather than relating to bad conduct of a somewhat petty or minor nature, it apparently describes acts that reflect a brazen attitude, one that betrays disrespect, disregard or even contempt for standards, laws and authority. The ‘looseness' of the conduct, therefore, is not due principally to weakness but results from an attitude of disrespect, insolence or shamelessness."
  18. ^ "Honor Godly Marriage!", The Watchtower, March 15, 1983, p. 31
  19. ^ Watchtower 7/15/06 p. 31 Questions From Readers; “But not all viewing of pornography calls for a hearing before a judicial committee. … However, suppose a Christian has secretly viewed abhorrent, sexually degrading pornography for years and has done everything possible to conceal this sin. Such pornography might feature gang rape, bondage, sadistic torture, the brutalizing of women, or even child pornography. When others become aware of his conduct, he is deeply ashamed. He has not been brazen, but the elders may determine that he has ‘given himself over’ to this filthy habit and has practiced ‘uncleanness with greediness,’ that is, gross uncleanness. A judicial committee would be formed because gross uncleanness is involved. The wrongdoer would be disfellowshipped if he did not display godly repentance“
  20. ^ Pay Attention to Yourselves and to All the Flock, p. 111
  21. ^ August 15, 1997 Watchtower, p. 27
  22. ^ Insight in the Scriptures, Volume 2, p. 969.
  23. ^ "A Time to Speak--When?" Watchtower, September 1, 1987, pp. 12-15
  24. ^ "New Arrangements for Congregation Organization", Our Kingdom Ministry, September 1977, pages 5-6
  25. ^ "“Gifts in Men” to Care for Jehovah’s Sheep", The Watchtower, June 1, 1999, page 14
  26. ^ "Elders, Judge With Righteousness", The Watchtower, July 1, 1992, page 16
  27. ^ "Disfellowshipping—A Loving Provision?", The Watchtower, July 15, 1995, page 25
  28. ^ "Jehovah’s Sheep Need Tender Care", The Watchtower, January 15, 1996, page 18
  29. ^ "Questions From Readers", The Watchtower, July 15, 2006, pages 30-31"
  30. ^ "Question Box", Our Kingdom Ministry, October 1972, page 8
  31. ^ "Make Wise Use of Your Christian Freedom", June 1, 1992, page 19
  32. ^ "“A Time to Speak”—When?", The Watchtower, September 1, 1987, page 14
  33. ^ "New Arrangements for Congregation Organization", Our Kingdom Ministry, September 1977, page 6
  34. ^ Jehovah's Witnesses use the term "special privileges of service" for positions requiring formal appointment or approval, such as elder, ministerial servant, pioneer, Bethel (branch) service, and schools such as Gilead and Ministerial Training School; “Make Room for It”, Our Kingdom Ministry, April 2003, page 1
  35. ^ Draw Close To Jehovah chap. 26 pp. 268-269 par. 22
  36. ^ The Watchtower 10/15/96 p. 21 par. 7 Father and Elder—Fulfilling Both Roles
  37. ^ "Announcements", Our Kingdom Ministry, February 1991, page 7
  38. ^ The Watchtower 12/1/76 p. 723 par. 15 How Wise Reprovers Aid Erring Ones
  39. ^ The Watchtower 9/1/81 p. 23 par. 9 Repentance Leading Back to God
  40. ^ "Imitate Jehovah—Exercise Justice and Righteousness", The Watchtower, August 1, 1998, page 17
  41. ^ The Watchtower 9/15/87 p. 13 par. 13
  42. ^ The Watchtower 9/1/81 p. 26 par. 23 Repentance Leading Back to God
  43. ^ The Watchtower 12/1/76 p. 733 par. 14 Giving Reproof “Before All Onlookers”
  44. ^ The Watchtower 12/1/76 pp. 734-735 par. 20
  45. ^ Giving Reproof "Before All Onlookers" The Watchtower December 1, 1976.
  46. ^ Organized to Do Jehovah's Will 2005, p. 152.
  47. ^ Our Kingdom Ministry March 1983, p. 3.
  48. ^ The Watchtower 6/1/98 p. 19 par. 17 “Put Up a Hard Fight for the Faith”!
  49. ^ The Watchtower September 1, 2000 page 11 “Show a waiting Attitude”
  50. ^ How Baptism Can Save Us The Watchtower Jan 15, 1989, p. 17.
  51. ^ The Watchtower 11/15/06 p. 27 par. 6 Always Accept Jehovah’s Discipline
  52. ^ Jealous for the Pure Worship of Jehovah, The Watchtower September 15, 1995, p. 11.
  53. ^ The Bible's Viewpoint - Why Disfellowshipping Is a Loving Arrangement Awake! September 8, 1996, p. 26-27.
  54. ^ "Watchtower" 10/15/83 p. 31
  55. ^ Pay Attention to Yourselves and all the Flock, Unit 5(a) p. 103.
  56. ^ "How Can You Help a 'Prodigal' Child?". Watchtower: 16–17. October 1 2001. 
  57. ^ "Disfellowshiping—How to View It". Watchtower: 26. September 15 1981. "It might be possible to have almost no contact at all with the relative. Even if there were some family matters requiring contact, this certainly would be kept to a minimum". 
  58. ^ The Watchtower 4/15/91 p. 21 par. 6
  59. ^ The Watchtower 8/1/98 p. 16 par. 16 Imitate Jehovah—Exercise Justice and Righteousness
  60. ^ The Watchtower 5/1/98 p. 15 par. 10 ” True repentance comes from the heart, from the depths of our being"
  61. ^ The Watchtower 11/15/06 p. 27 par. 9 Always Accept Jehovah’s Discipline
  62. ^ The Watchtower 8/15/92 p. 31 A Step on the Way Back
  63. ^ The Watchtower 8/15/82 p. 31 A Step on the Way Back
  64. ^ Divine Mercy Points the Way Back for Erring Ones The Watchtower Aug 1, 1974, p. 466 par. 24.
  65. ^ The Watchtower April 15, 1988. Web version available at http://www.watchtower.org/library/w/1988/4/15/article_01.htm.
  66. ^ The Watchtower 11/15/88 p. 18 par. 14 Helping Others to Worship God
  67. ^ The Watchtower 11/15/88 p. 19 par. 17 Helping Others to Worship God
  68. ^ The Watchtower 11/15/88 p. 19 par. 19 Helping Others to Worship God
  69. ^ Jehovah’s Witnesses – Proclaimers of God’s Kingdom chap. 15 p. 232 “Development of the Organization Structure”
  70. ^ Insight on the Scriptures, Vol 1, p. 518; "publicity that would be afforded any trial at the gate would tend to influence the judges toward care and justice in the trial proceedings and in their decisions."
  71. ^ In Search Of Christian Freedom, Raymond Franz, 2002, and In Search of Christian Freedom, pp.374–390 'The Misuse of Disfellowshipping', Raymond Franz
  72. ^ Franz, Raymond. Crisis of Conscience. 4th ed. Atlanta: Commentary Press, 2004. pp. 341-2. ISBN 0-914675-24-9.
  73. ^ The Watchtower March 15, 1986 p.15 paragraph 17 “Do Not Be Quickly Shaken From Your Reason”; The Watchtower October 15, 1986 p. 31 Questions From Readers; The Watchtower October 1, 1989 p. 19 paragraph 14 Maintain Your Faith and Spiritual Health; Pay Attention to Yourselves and all the Flock p. 94-95; The Watchtower May 1, 2000 p.12 par. 19 Firmly Uphold Godly Teaching; The Watchtower September 1, 2000 p. 13 par. 10 Show a Waiting Attitude!; The Watchtower April 1, 1986 pp. 30-31 Questions From Readers.
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