List of political parties in Italy
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Several Political parties operate in Italy, and historically they have been even more than today. Not one party has ever had the chance of gaining power alone and thus parties must work with each other to form coalition governments.
However, since the 2008 general election, only five major parties are represented in Parliament. On one side the centre-right People of Freedom and Lega Nord support Berlusconi IV Cabinet, on the other side there is the centre-left opposition composed of the Democratic Party, which includes in its parliamentary ranks the Italian Radicals, and Italy of Values. The Union of Christian and Centre Democrats is the only party outside the two big coalitions to be represented in Parliament, in an increasingly two-party system.
Other minor regional parties are represented in Parliament, notably the Movement for Autonomy, the South Tyrolean People's Party and the Valdotanian Union, while many other parties are active or represented at the regional level.
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[edit] History
Between 1945 and 1994 Italian politics was dominated by two major parties: Christian Democracy, which was the party of government, and the Italian Communist Party, the main opposition party. The other opposition party was the post-fascist Italian Social Movement. During its almost fifty years in government, Christian Democracy chose its coalition partners among four parties: the Italian Socialist Party, the Italian Democratic Socialist Party, the Italian Republican Party and the Italian Liberal Party.
Christian Democrats led the government consecutively for 46 but five years. Between 1983 to 1991 they steadily shared government with Socialists, Republicans, Democratic Socialists and Liberal altogether. These were the years when several Northern regional parties demanding autonomy organized themselves at the regional level. In 1991 they federated themselves into Lega Nord, which surprisingly became the fourth largest party of the country in the 1992 general election.
In 1992–1994 the political system was shaken by a series of corruption scandals known collectively as Tangentopoli and the subsequent police investigation called Mani pulite. These events led all the major parties of government to disappear. Consequently the Communists, who had gathered themselves in the Democratic Party of the Left in 1991, and the post-fascists, who launched National Alliance, gained strength. Following the 1994 general election media tycoon Silvio Berlusconi became Prime Minister at the head of a coalition composed mainly of three parties: its brand new party called Forza Italia (joined by many members of the five parties of government), National Alliance and Lega Nord.
Between 1996 and 2008, Italian political parties were organized into two big coalitions, the centre-right Pole of Freedoms (which was re-named House of Freedoms after the re-entry of Lega Nord in 2000) and The Olive Tree (re-named The Union in 2005) on the centre-left. The centre-left governed from 1996 to 2001 and again between 2006 and 2008, while the House of Freedoms was in government between 2001 and 2006.
In 2008, The Union ceased to exist, because the new-born Democratic Party decided to break the alliance with the Communist Refoundation Party and the other parties of the coalition, except Italy of Values and the Italian Radicals. In the centre-right, the foundation of Forza Italia and National Alliance merged to form The People of Freedom, which continued the alliance with Lega Nord.
[edit] Active parties
[edit] Major parties
More than 20% in the 2008 general election (or at least 200 MPs or 20 MEPs):
- The People of Freedom (Il Popolo della Libertà)
- Democratic Party (Partito Democratico)
[edit] Medium parties
Between 4% and 20% in the 2008 general election (or at least 30 MPs or 5 MEPs):
- Lega Nord (North League)
- Italy of Values (Italia dei Valori)
- Union of Christian and Centre Democrats (Unione dei Democratici Cristiani e di Centro)
[edit] Minor parties
Between 0.5% and 4% in the 2008 general election (or less than 30 MPs or 5 MEPs):
- Communist Refoundation Party (Partito della Rifondazione Comunista)
- Movement for the Left (Movimento per la Sinistra)
- Movement for Autonomy (Movimento per l'Autonomia)
- Italian Radicals (Radicali Italiani)
- The Right (La Destra)
- Party of Italian Communists (Partito dei Comunisti Italiani)
- Federation of the Greens (Federazione dei Verdi)
- Democratic Left (Sinistra Democratica)
- Socialist Party (Partito Socialista)
- Tricolour Flame (Fiamma Tricolore)
- Italian Republican Party (Partito Repubblicano Italiano)
- Italian Liberal Party (Partito Liberale Italiano)
- Liberal Democrats (Liberal Democratici)
- White Rose (Rosa Bianca)
- Unite the Left (Unire la Sinistra)
- Alliance of the Centre (Alleanza di Centro)
- Federation of Christian Populars (Federazione dei Cristiano Popolari)
- Workers' Communist Party (Partito Comunista dei Lavoratori)
[edit] Micro parties
Less than 0.5% in the 2008 general election (or notable parties which did not take part to the election):
- Critical Left (Sinistra Critica)
- Citizens' Political Movement (Movimento Politico dei Cittadini)
- New Force (Italy) (Forza Nuova)
- Democratic Union for Consumers (Unione Democratica per i Consumatori)
- UDEUR Populars (Popolari UDEUR)
- Federalist Alliance (Alleanza Federalista)
- Italian Democratic Socialist Party (Partito Socialista Democratico Italiano)
[edit] Regional parties
More than 1% in a previous regional election (or at least 2 regional deputies):
- Aosta Valley
- Valdotanian Union (Union Valdôtaine)
- Edelweiss Aosta Valley (Stella Alpina Val d'Aosta)
- Autonomist Federation (Fédération Autonomiste)
- Valdotanian Renewal (Renouveau Valdôtain)
- Lively Aosta Valley (Vallée d'Aoste Vive)
- Rainbow Aosta Valley (Arcobaleno Vallée d'Aoste)
- Lega Nord Valle d'Aosta (North League Aosta Valley)
- Piedmont
- Lega Nord Piemont (North League Piedmont)
- Moderates for Piedmont (Moderati per il Piemonte)
- Lombardy
- Lega Lombarda (Lombard League)
- Lega Alleanza Lombarda (Lombard Alliance League)
- Alto Adige/Südtirol
- South Tyrolean People's Party (Südtiroler Volkspartei)
- The Libertarians (Die Freiheitlichen)
- Greens (Verdi–Grüne–Vërc)
- South Tyrolean Freedom (Süd-Tiroler Freiheit)
- Union for South Tyrol (Union für Südtirol)
- Lega Nord Sud Tirolo (North League South Tyrol)
- Unitalia (One Italy)
- Citizens' Movement (Bürgerbewegung)
- Ladins Political Movement (Moviment Politich Ladins)
- Trentino
- Union for Trentino (Unione per il Trentino)
- Lega Nord Trentino (North League Trentino)
- Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party (Partito Autonomista Trentino Tirolese)
- Faithful to Trentino (Leali al Trentino)
- United Valleys (Valli Unite)
- Democrats for Trentino (Democratici per il Trentino)
- Administer Trentino (Amministrare il Trentino)
- Ladin Autonomist Union (Unione Autonomista Ladina)
- Veneto
- Liga Veneta (Venetian League)
- North-East Project (Progetto Nord-Est)
- Liga Veneta Repubblica (Venetian Republic League)
- Veneto for the EPP (Veneto per il PPE)
- North-East Union (Unione Nord-Est)
- Friuli-Venezia Giulia
- Lega Nord Friuli-Venezia Giulia (North League Friuli-Venezia Giulia)
- Citizens for the President (Cittadini per il Presidente)
- Slovene Union (Slovenska Skupnost)
- Emilia-Romagna
- Lega Nord Emilia (North League Emilia)
- Lega Nord Romagna (North League Romagna)
- Liguria
- Lega Nord Liguria (North League Liguria)
- Tuscany
- Lega Nord Toscana (North League Tuscany)
- Campania
- Federalist Democracy (Democrazia Federalista)
- Democratic Populars (Popolari Democratici)
- Basilicata
- United Populars (Popolari Uniti)
- Apulia
- Southern Action League (Lega d'Azione Meridionale)
- Sardinia
- Sardinian Reformers (Riformatori Sardi)
- Sardinian Action Party (Partito Sardo d'Azione)
- Sardinian Democratic Union (Unione Democratica Sarda)
- Red Moors (Rosso Mori)
- Independence Republic of Sardinia (Indipendèntzia Repùbrica de Sardigna)
- Sardinian People's Party (Partito del Popolo Sardo)
- Sardinia Nation (Sardigna Natzione)
[edit] Parties of the Italians abroad
More than 15% in one constituency in the 2008 general election (or at least 1 MP):
- Associative Movement Italians Abroad (Movimento Associativo Italiani all'Estero)
- Italian Associations in South America (Associazioni Italiane in Sud America)
[edit] Former parties
[edit] Coalitions
Having scored at least 15% in a general election (or at least 30 MPs):
- Pact for Italy (Patto per l'Italia)
- Pole of Good Government (Polo del Buon Governo)
- Alliance of Progressives (Alleanza dei Progressisti)
- Pole of Freedoms (Polo delle Libertà)
- The Olive Tree (L'Ulivo)
- The Union (L'Unione)
- House of Freedoms (Casa delle Libertà)
[edit] Parties
Having scored at least 1% in a general election (or at least 5 MPs):
- Italian Revolutionary Socialist Party (Partito Socialista Rivoluzionario Italiano)
- Italian Labour Party (Partito Operaio Italiano)
- Radical Party (Partito Radicale)
- Constitutional Democratic Party (Partito Democratico Costituzionale)
- Democratic Liberal Party (Partito Liberale Democratic)
- Independent Socialist Party (Partito Socialista Indipendente)
- Reform Democratic Party (Partito Democratico Riformista)
- Party of Combatants (Partito dei Combattenti)
- Economic Party (Partito Economico)
- Agrarian Party (Partito Agrario)
- Italian Social Democratic Party (Partito Democratico Sociale Italiano)
- Italian Reform Socialist Party (Partito Socialista Riformista Italiano)
- Communist Party of Italy (Partito Comunista d'Italia)
- Italian People's Party (old) (Partito Popolare Italiano)
- United Socialist Party (old) (Partito Socialista Unitario)
- Fascist National Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista)
- Labour Democratic Party (Partito Democratico del Lavoro)
- Action Party (Partito d'Azione)
- Uomo Qualunque Front (Fronte dell'Uomo Qualunque)
- Italian Socialist Workers' Party (Partito Socialista dei Lavoratori Italiani)
- United Socialist Party (Partito Socialista Unitario)
- Socialist Autonomy (Autonomia Socialista)
- National Democratic Alliance (Alleanza Democratica Nazionale)
- People's Unity (Unità Popolare)
- Monarchist National Party (Partito Nazionale Monarchico)
- People's Monarchist Party (Partito Monarchico Popolare)
- Unified Socialist Party (Partito Socialista Unificato)
- Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity (Partito Socialista di Unità Proletaria)
- Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity (Partito Democratico Italiano di Unità Monarchica)
- National Right (Destra Nazionale)
- Proletarian Unity Party (Partito di Unità Proletaria)
- Radical Party (Partito Radicale)
- Rainbow Greens (Verdi Arcobaleno)
- Green Lists (Liste Verdi)
- Italian Communist Party (Partito Comunista Italiano)
- Proletarian Democracy (Democrazia Proletaria)
- Christian Democracy (old) (Democrazia Cristiana)
- Italian Liberal Party (old) (Partito Liberale Italiano)
- Italian Socialist Party (Partito Socialista Italiano)
- Italian Social Movement (Movimento Sociale Italiano)
- Democratic Alliance (Alleanza Democratica)
- Liberal Democratic Foundation (Fondazione Liberaldemocratica)
- Federalists and Liberal Democrats (Federalisti e Liberaldemocratici)
- Federalist Italian League (Lega Italiana Federalista)
- Italian Socialists (Socialisti Italiani)
- Union of the Centre (Unione di Centro)
- Democratic Party of the Left (Partito Democratico della Sinistra)
- Movement of Unitarian Communists (Movimento dei Comunisti Unitari)
- Labour Federation (Federazione Laburista)
- Social Christians (Cristiano Sociali)
- Republican Left (Sinistra Repubblicana)
- Union of the Centre (Unione di Centro)
- Christian Democrats for the Republic (Cristiani Democratici per la Repubblica)
- Democratic Union for the Republic (Unione Democratica per la Repubblica)
- Movement for Democracy – The Net (Movimento per la Democrazia – La Rete)
- Democratic Union (Unione Democratica)
- Union for the Republic (Unione per la Repubblica)
- Pannella List (Lista Pannella)
- Federalist Party (Partito Federalista)
- Italian People's Party (Partito Popolare Italiano)
- Italian Renewal (Rinnovamento Italiano)
- The Democrats (I Democratici)
- Christian Democratic Centre (Centro Cristiano Democratico)
- United Christian Democrats (Cristiani Democratici Uniti)
- European Democracy (Democrazia Europea)
- Patto Segni (Segni Pact)
- Bonino List (Lista Bonino)
- Autonomists for Europe (Autonomisti per l'Europa)
- Democrats of the Left (Democratici di Sinistra)
- Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (Democrazia è Libertà – La Margherita)
- Italian Democratic Socialists (Socialisti Democratici Italiani)
[edit] Regional parties
Having scored at least 1% in a regional election (or at least 2 regional deputies):
- Aosta Valley
- Aosta Valley Regional Rally (Raggruppamento Regionale Valle d'Aosta)
- Italian Democratic Group (Gruppo Democratico Italiano)
- Valdotanian Rally (Rassemblement Valdôtain)
- Valdotanian Democratic Union (Union Democratique Valdôtaine)
- Progressive Valdotanian Union (Union Valdôtaine Progressiste)
- Valdotanian Craftsmen and Traders (Artigiani e Commercianti Valdostani)
- Popular Democrats (Democratici Popolari)
- Free Zone List (Lista Zona Franca)
- Autonomist Union (Union Autonomiste)
- Autonomists Democrats Progressives (Autonomistes Démocrates Progressistes)
- Independent Autonomists (Autonomisti Indipendenti)
- For Aosta Valley (Pour la Vallée d'Aoste)
- Autonomist People's Alliance (Alleanza Popolare Autonomista)
- Autonomists (Autonomistes)
- Forward Valley (Alé Vallée)
- Piedmont
- Piedmontese Union (Union Piemontèisa)
- Liguria
- New Liguria (Liguria Nuova)
- Alto Adige/Südtirol
- Union of Independents (Unione Indipendenti)
- Tridentine Autonomy (Autonomia Tridentina)
- Italian Union (Unione Italiana)
- Tyrol Homeland Federation Party (Tirol Heimatbund Party)
- Social Progressive Party of South Tyrol (Soziale Fortschrittspartei Südtirols)
- Social Democratic Party of South Tyrol (Sozialdemokratische Partei Südtirols)
- Party of Independents (Partei der Unabhängigen)
- New Left (Nuova Sinistra–Neue Linke)
- South Tyrolean Homeland Federation (Südtiroler Heimatbund)
- Freedom Party of South Tyrol (Freiheitliche Partei Südtirols)
- Democratic Party of South Tyrol (Demokratische Partei Südtirols)
- Democratic Union of Alto Adige (Unione Democratica del Alto Adige)
- Trentino
- Anti-Autonomistic National League (Lega Nazionale Anti-Autonomistica)
- Alliance of Independents (Alleanza Indipendenti)
- Independent Autonomists (Autonomisti Indipendenti)
- Craftsman-Farmer Alliance (Alleanza Contadina Artigiana)
- New Left (Nuova Sinistra–Neue Linke)
- Union of Independents for Trentino (Unione Indipendenti per il Trentino)
- Trentino Tyrolean People's Party (Partito Popolare Trentino Tirolese)
- Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Union (Unione Autonomista Trentino Tirolese)
- Integral Autonomy (Autonomia Integrale)
- Lega Autonomia Trentino (Trentino Autonomy League)
- Alliance for Trentino (Alleanza per il Trentino)
- Integral Autonomy (Autonomia Integrale)
- Trentino Autonomists (Autonomisti Trentini)
- Trentino Tomorrow (Trentino Domani)
- Daisy Civic List (Civica Margherita)
- Taverna List (Lista Taverna)
- Veneto
- Union of the Venetian People (Union del Popolo Veneto)
- Lega Autonomia Veneta (Venetian Autonomy League)
- Fronte Marco Polo (Marco Polo Front)
- Friuli-Venezia Giulia
- List for Trieste (Lista per Trieste)
- Friuli Movement (Movimento Friûl)
- Lega Autonomia Friuli (Friuli Autonomy League)
- Friuli-Venezia Giulia Autonomist Party (Partito Autonomista Friuli-Venezia Giulia)
- Giulian Front (Fronte Giuliano)
- Reform Popular Centre (Centro Riformatore Popolare)
- Freedom and Autonomy (Libertà e Autonomia)
- Liguria
- New Liguria (Liguria Nuova)
- Molise
- Christian Inspiration Populars (Popolari di Ispirazione Cristiana)
- Campania
- Democratic Republicans (Repubblicani Democratici)
- Basilicata
- The Democrats (I Democratici)
- Calabria
- Mancini List (Lista Mancini)
- Southern Democratic Party (Partito Democratico Meridionale)
- Sicily
- Sicilian Independence Movement (Movimento Indipendentista Siciliano)
- Social Liberal Union Autonomy Sicily (Unione Liberale Sociale Autonomia Sicilia)
- Social Christian Sicilian Union (Unione Siciliana Cristiano Sociale)
- Sicilian Spring (Primavera Siciliana)
- New Sicily (Nuova Sicilia)
- Autonomist Democrats (Democratici Autonomisti)
- Sardinia
- Sardinian Socialist Action Party (Partito Sardo d'Azione Socialista)
- Sardinian Independence Party (Partidu Sardu Indipendentista)
- New Movement (Nuovo Movimento)
- Democratic Federation (Federazione Democratica)
- Sardinia Project (Progetto Sardegna)
- Sardinian Autonomist Populars (Popolari Autonomisti Sardi)
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
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