Provençal dialect
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Provençal | ||
|---|---|---|
| Provençau | ||
| Spoken in | France, Spain, Italy, Monaco, small community in California | |
| Region | Europe | |
| Total speakers | 362,000[1] | |
| Language family | Indo-European
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| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1 | oc | |
| ISO 639-2 | oci | |
| ISO 639-3 | oci | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
Provençal (Provençau) is one of several dialects of Occitan spoken by a minority of people in southern France, mostly in Provence. In the English-speaking world, "Provençal" is often used to refer to all dialects of Occitan, but it actually refers specifically to the dialect spoken in Provence, as well as in the southern portion of the Dauphiné, the Nîmes region in Languedoc, and the upper valleys of Piedmont, Italy (Val Maira, Val Varacha, Val d'Estura, Entraigas, Limon, Vinai, Pignerol, Sestriera). The Aranese language, a standardized form of the Pyrenean Gascon variety of the Occitan language, is spoken in the Aran Valley of northwestern Catalonia.
Outside Europe, the language is spoken mainly in California, with small Provençal-speaking communities found in the northern counties of Tehama, Siskiyou, Napa, Alpine. There are also small numbers of speakers found in Los Angeles and Santa Barbara counties in Southern California[citation needed].
"Provençal" is also the customary name given to the older version of the langue d'oc used by the troubadours of medieval literature, corresponding to Old French or langue d'oil of the northern areas of France.
In 2007, the ISO 639-3 code changed from prv to oci, as prv was merged into oci.
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[edit] Sub-dialects
The main sub-dialects of Provençal are:
- Rodanenc (in French Rhodanien) around lower Rhône river, Arles, Avignon, Nîmes.
- A Rodanenc subvariety, the Shuadit or Judeo-Provençal is considered as extinct since 1977. It was spoken by the Jewish community around Avignon. When Jews were granted freedom of residence in France the dialect declined.
- Maritim or Centrau or Mediterranèu (Maritime or Central or Mediterranean) around Aix-en-Provence, Marseilles, Toulon, Cannes, Antibes, Grasse, Forcalquier, Castellane, Draguignan.
- Niçard in the lower County of Nice.
Gavòt (in French Gavot), spoken in the Western Occitan Alps, around Digne, Sisteron, Gap, Barcelonnette and the upper County of Nice, but also in a part of the Ardèche, is not exactly a subdialect of Provençal, but rather an occitan dialect of its own, also known as Vivaro-Alpine. Some people view Gavòt as a variety of Provençal since a part of the Gavot area (near Digne and Sisteron) belongs to historical Provence.
[edit] Grammar
The definite articles are masculine lu (often spelled "lou"), feminine la, and plural li (lis before vowels). In Provençal nouns and adjectives, the Latin masculine endings have mostly dropped, but -e remains, while the feminine ending is -o. Nouns do not inflect for number, but all adjectives ending in vowels (-e or -o) become -i, and all plural adjectives take -s before vowels: lu bon ami "the good friend" (masc.), la bono amigo "the good friend" (fem.), li bons ami "the good friends" (masc.), li bonis amigo "the good friends" (fem.).
[edit] Literature
Modern Provençal literature was given impetus by Nobel laureate Frédéric Mistral and the association Félibrige he founded with other writers, like Théodore Aubanel. The beginning of the 20th Century saw other great authors like Joseph d'Arbaud and Valère Bernard. It has been enhanced and modernized since the second half of the 20th Century by major writers like Robert Lafont, Pierre Pessemesse, Claude Barsotti, Max-Philippe Delavouët, Philippe Gardy, Florian Vernet, Danielle Julien, Jòrgi Gròs, Sèrgi Bec, Bernat Giély, and many others.
[edit] Miscellaneous
The Provençal language is not to be confused with the Franco-Provençal language, which is a linguistic sub-group of its own between the Langue d'oïl and Langue d'Oc.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Provencal Language at the Classic Encyclopedia, based on the 1911 Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Smith, Nathaniel B.; Bergin, Thomas Goddard (1984) (in English). An Old Provençal Primer. Garland. ISBN 0824090306.
[edit] External links
- Ethnologue report for Provençal
- Provençal - English Dictionary
- Modern Provençal phonology and morphology studied in the language of Frederic Mistral (1921)
[edit] Ref
- Manuel pratique de provençal contemporain, Alain Barthélemy-Vigouroux & Guy Martin, Édisud 2006, ISBN 2-7449-0619-0
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