Romanized Popular Alphabet
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The Romanized Popular Alphabet (RPA) or Hmong RPA (also Roman Popular Alphabet), is a system of romanization for the various dialects of the Hmong language. Created in Laos between 1951 and 1953 by a group of missionaries and Hmong advisers, it has gone on to become the most widespread system for writing the Hmong language in the West. It is also used in Southeast Asia and China alongside other writing systems, notably Pahawh Hmong.[1]
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[edit] History
In Xieng Khuang province, Protestant missionary G. Lindwood Barney began working on the writing system with speakers of Green Mong (Mong Leng), Geu Yang and Tua Xiong, among others. He consulted with William A. Smalley, a missionary studying the Khmu language in Luang Prabang province at the time. Concurrently, Yves Bertrais, a Roman Catholic missionary in Kiu Katiam, Luang Prabang, was undertaking a similar project with Chong Yeng Yang and Chue Her Thao. The two working groups met in 1952 and reconciled any differences by 1953 to produce a version of the script.[2]
[edit] Orthography
The alphabet was developed to write both the Hmong Der (White Hmong, RPA: Hmoob Dawb) and Mong Leng (Green/Blue Mong, RPA: Moob Leeg) dialects. While these dialects have much in common, each has unique sounds. Consonants and vowels found only in Hmong Der or Green Mong are color coded respectively.[3] Some writers make use of variant spellings.
[edit] Consonants and vowels
| Stops | Nasals | Plosives | l |
Affricates | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ny | n | m | ml | p | pl | t | d | dl | r | c | k | q | tx | ts | ||
| Unmodified | /ɲ/ | /n/ | /m/ | /mˡ/ | /p/ | /pˡ/ | /t/ | /d/ | /tˡ/ | /ʈ/ | /c/ | /k/ | /q/ | /l/ | /ts/ | /ʈʂ/ |
| Preceding <n> | np /mb/ |
npl /mbˡ/ |
nt /nd/ |
ndl /ndˡ/ |
nr /ɳɖ/ |
nc /ɲɟ/ |
nk /ŋg/ |
nq /ɴɢ/ |
ntx /ndz/ |
nts /ɳɖʐ/ |
||||||
| Preceding/Following <h> | hny /ɲ̥/ |
hn /n̥/ |
hm /m̥/ |
hml /m̥ɬ/ |
ph /pʰ/ |
plh /pɬ/ |
th /tʰ/ |
dh /dʱ/ |
dlh /tɬ/ |
rh /ʈʰ/ |
ch /cʰ/ |
kh /kʰ/ |
qh /qʰ/ |
hl /ɬ/ |
txh /tsʰ/ |
tsh /ʈʂʰ/ |
| <n> and <h> | nph /mbʱ/ |
nplh /mbɬ/ |
nth /ndʱ/ |
ndlh /ndɬ/ |
nrh /ɳɖʱ/ |
nch /ɲɟʱ/ |
nkh /ŋgʱ/ |
nqh /ɴɢʱ/ |
ntxh /ndzʱ/ |
ntsh /ɳɖʐʱ/ |
||||||
- The glottal stop is not indicated in the orthography. The few truly vowel-initial words are indicated by an apostrophe, which thus acts as a zero consonant.
| Fricatives | Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| f | v | x | s | z | y | xy | h | |
| /f/ | /v/ | /s/ | /ʂ/ | /ʐ/ | /ʝ/ | /ç/ | /h/ | |
| Vowels | Monophthongs | Nasalized | Diphthongs | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| i | e | a | o | u | w | ee | aa | oo | ai | aw | au | ia | ua | |
| /i/ | /e/ | /a/ | /ɔ/ | /u/ | /ɨ/ | /ẽ/ | /ã/ | /ɔ̃/ | /ai/ | /aɨ/ | /au/ | /iə/ | /uə/ | |
[edit] Tones
The mid tone is not indicated in the orthography. The others are indicated by letters written at the end of the syllable. This is a way for the RPA to write Hmong without using any diacritics like that used in the Vietnamese alphabet or pinyin. (Note that Vietnamese has a similar number of tones as Hmong, but they are completely different, rendering Vietnamese tone marks totally unsuitable for writing Hmong.)
| Tone | Example[4] | Orthographic Spelling |
|---|---|---|
| High | /pɔ́/ "ball" | pob |
| Mid | /pɔ/ "spleen" | po |
| Low | /pɔ̀/ "thorn" | pos |
| High-falling | /pɔ̂/ "female" | poj |
| Mid-rising | /pɔ̌/ "to throw" | pov |
| Low-falling (creaky) tone | /pɔ̰/ "to see" | pom1 |
| Mid-low (breathy) tone | /pɔ̤/ "grandmother" | pog |
- <d> represents a phrase-final low-rising variant of the low-falling tone
[edit] Notes
- ^ Smalley, William et al. Mother of Writing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. p. 151-154
- ^ Ibid.
- ^ Phonology adapted from: Golston, Chris, and Phong Yang. 2001. "Hmong loanword phonology." In Caroline Féry, Antony Dubach Green, and Ruben van de Vijver, eds., Proceedings of HILP 5. Potsdam: University of Potsdam, 40-57. Smalley, William et al. Mother of Writing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. p. 48-51. See also: Mortensen, David. “Preliminaries to Mong Leng (Hmong Njua) Phonology” Unpublished, UC Berkeley. 2004.
- ^ Examples taken from: Heimbach, Ernest H. White Hmong-English Dictionary [White Meo-English Dictionary]. 2003 ed. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications, 1969. Note that many of these words have multiple meanings.
[edit] External links
- Hmong Language FAQ, David Mortensen
- Mong Literacy - includes lessons on writing Mong Leng with RPA
- http://www.hmongrpa.org/
