Sandhinirmocana Sutra
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The Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra (Chinese: 相續解脫經) or the Sutra of the Continuation Stream of Emancipation is a Buddhist scripture classified as belonging to the Yogācāra or Consciousness-only school of Buddhist thought.[1]
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[edit] Nomenclature and etymology
The Saṃdhinirmocana-sūtra has numerous orthographic romanizations.
[edit] History
Like many early Mahayana scriptures, precise dating for the Sandhinirmocana Sutra is difficult to achieve. Etienne Lamotte believed that the text was assembled from earlier, independent fragments.[2] Other scholars believe that the apparently fragmentary nature of the early versions of the scripture may represent piecemeal attempts at translation, rather than a composite origin for the text itself.[3] The earliest forms of the text may date from as early as the 1st or 2nd Century CE.[3] The final form of the text was probably assembled no earlier than the 3rd Century CE, and by the 4th Century significant commentaries on the text began to be composed by Buddhist scholars, most notably Asanga.[3] The Sūtra was likely composed in Sanskrit in India, but currently exists only in Chinese and Tibetan translations.[4]
[edit] Content
The Sandhinirmocana Sutra is one of the most important texts of the Yogācāra tradition, and one of the earliest texts to expound the philosophy of Consciousness-only or mind-only.[5][6] Divided into ten sections, the Sūtra presents itself as a series of dialogues between the Buddha and various bodhisattvas.[7] During these dialogues, the Buddha attempts to clarify disputed meanings present in scriptures of the early Mahāyāna early Buddhist schools; thus, the title of the sutra, which promises to expound a teaching that is "completely explicit" and requires no interpretation in order to be understood.[8]
The first four chapters of the sutra discuss the concept of ultimate truth. The fifth and sixth chapter discuss the concept of ālayavijñāna or "storehouse consciousness" and the three characteristics of phenomena (trilaksana), which refer to the incomplete and absolute truth of various phenomena. Chapter seven outlines a theory of textual interpretation in light of the Buddha's various teachings, and chapter nine discusses meditation. The final chapter is devoted to a discussion of the Bodhisattva Path.[9]
Within the Sūtra, the Buddha describes the teaching that he is presenting as part of the Third Turning of the Wheel of Dharma[10]. As such, the Sutra is intended to clarify confusing or contradictory elements of earlier teachings, presenting a new teaching that resolves earlier inconsistencies.[11] The Sūtra affirms that the earlier turnings of the wheel- the teachings of the śrāvaka vehicle and the emptiness doctrine adopted by the Madhyamaka- represented authentic teachings, but indicates that they were flawed because they required interpretation.[12] The teachings of the Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra, on the other hand, require no interpretation and can be read literally according to the discourse delivered by the Buddha within the text.[13] This reflects an ancient division in Buddhist hermeneutics, a topic to which the Sūtra devotes an entire chapter.[14][15]
The Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra was adopted by the Yogācāra school as one of its primary scriptures. In addition, it inspired a great deal of additional writing, including discussions of the scriptures by Asanga and Vasubandhu, and a large body of Tibetan literature founded on Tsong Kha Pa's writings concerning the scripture.[16]
[edit] Commentaries
- Ocean of Definitive Meaning (Ri chos nges don rgya mtsho) by Dölpopa Sherap Gyaltsen (1292–1361)
- Woncheuk's commentary on the Saṃdhinirmocana-sūtra had a strong influence in Tibetan Buddhism
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ (Williams 2004, p. 78)
- ^ Warder, A.K. (2000), Indian Buddhism (Third revised ed.), New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p. 407-11, ISBN 8120808185
- ^ a b c Powers, John (1993), Hermeneutics and tradition in the Saṃdhinirmocana-sūtra, Brill Academic Publishers, p. 4-11, ISBN 9004098267
- ^ (Powers 2004, pp. 737-38)
- ^ (Powers 2004, p. 738)
- ^ (Powers 2004, p. 78)
- ^ (Powers 2004, p. 738)
- ^ (Williams 2004, p. 79)
- ^ (Powers 2004, p. 738)
- ^ (Williams 2004, p. 79)
- ^ (Powers 2004, p. 738)
- ^ (Williams 2004, p. 79)
- ^ (Williams 2004, p. 79)
- ^ (Williams 2004, p. 79)
- ^ (Powers 2004, p. 738)
- ^ (Powers 2004, p. 738)
[edit] Works Cited
- Powers, John (2004), "Saṃdhinirmocana-Sūtra", in Buswell, Jr., Robert E., Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism, USA: Macmillan Reference USA, pp. 737–738, ISBN 0028659104
- Williams, Paul (2004), Mahayana Buddhism, Bury St. Edmunds, England: Routledge, pp. 78–81, ISBN 0415025370
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