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St Andrew's (stadium)

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St Andrew's
Full name St Andrew's Stadium
Location Birmingham, England
Coordinates 52°28′32.53″N 1°52′05.48″W / 52.4757028, -1.8681889Coordinates: 52°28′32.53″N 1°52′05.48″W / 52.4757028, -1.8681889
Broke ground 1906
Opened 26 December 1906
Renovated 1993–1999
Owner Birmingham City F.C.
Operator Birmingham City F.C.
Surface Grass
Construction cost £10,000
Architect Harry Pumfrey
Capacity 30,009[1]
Field dimensions 110 by 74 yards (101 m × 68 m)[1]
Tenants
Birmingham City F.C. (1906–present)

St Andrew's is a football stadium located in Bordesley Green, Birmingham, England. It has been the home of Birmingham City F.C. since 1906 and has a seating capacity of just over 30,000.

Contents

[edit] History

[edit] Former grounds

For more details on this topic, see Muntz Street.

The Small Heath Alliance played their first home games on waste ground off Arthur Street, in the Bordesley Green district of Birmingham, very near the site where St Andrew's would be built.[A] In 1876 they made a temporary move to a fenced-off field in Ladypool Road, Sparkbrook, with a capacity estimated at 3,000; because the field was enclosed, admission could be charged. Interest in the team grew, and a year later they moved again, this time to a rented field in Small Heath, situated on the eastern edge of Birmingham's built-up area, just north of the main road to Coventry.[2][A] This ground, which became known as Muntz Street, had four sides of open terracing, a small covered wooden stand, and a changing-room for the players. When first opened it could hold approximately 10,000 spectators.[2][3] Over the years the terracing was raised, which increased the capacity to around 30,000, but this became insufficient to cope with the demand. A match in 1905 against local rivals Aston Villa attracted a crowd officially stated as 28,000,[4] but several thousand more climbed walls or forced turnstiles to gain entry.[3][5] The landlords refused to sell the freehold of the ground, nor would they permit major extensions to be made. As the board of directors estimated that staying at Muntz Street was costing the club £2000 a year, they began to actively look for an alternative site.[2][5]

[edit] Construction

Site of St Andrew's, 1890

Director Harry Morris identified a site for a new ground in Bordesley Green, some three-quarters of a mile (1 km) from Muntz Street towards the city centre. Covering an area of 7.5 acres (3 ha), bounded by Cattell Road, Coventry Road, Tilton Road, Garrison Lane and the railway, and near St Andrew's church, the site was where a brickworks had once operated; Morris described it as "a wilderness of stagnant water and muddy slopes".[3] The club took the land on a 21-year lease, and entrusted the role of surveyor and engineer to a local carpenter, Harry Pumfrey, who despite a lack of qualifications produced plans "which would have done credit to the most expensive professional architect".[5] Club director Thomas Turley, a builder, acted as clerk of works, and it is estimated the club saved more than £2,000 in professional fees by keeping the work "in-house".[5] It is reputed that gypsies laid a curse on the club when evicted from the site before work could begin.[6] Although gypsies are known to have camped nearby, there is no contemporary evidence for their eviction by the club, and construction began in February 1906.[7][8]

St Andrew's, 1913

Artesian springs, which kept the land flooded, had to be drained and blocked off with tons of rubble before soil could be laid on top.[3] To create height for the terracing on the Coventry Road side of the ground, the club offered the site as a tip, local people paying a total of £800 for dumping an estimated 100,000 loads of rubbish.[9] This embankment was known from the beginning as the Spion Kop, stood 110 terraces high at its highest point, and had a reported capacity of 48,000 spectators, each paying 6d. The Grandstand, on the Garrison Lane side of the ground, was 123 yards (112 m) in length. It held 6,000 seats divided among six sections, priced from 1s to 2s, with all accesses lit by electricity. In front of the stand was space for 5,000 to stand under cover.[3][8] Beneath the stand were refreshment rooms, changing rooms, a training area with plunge bath, a billiard room donated by brewery magnate Sir John Holder, and the club's boardroom and offices, which hitherto had been maintained in premises in Birmingham city centre.[2][3] Behind the goal at the railway end of the ground was space for a further 4,000 standing spectators, and access to the ground was gained via turnstiles on three sides of the ground.[10] Total capacity was estimated at 75,000, and construction cost at £10,000.[8] The playing surface, at 115 by 75 yards (105 m × 69 m), was one of the largest in the country, had a four-yard (3.7 m) grassed border, and was surrounded by a cinder running track.[3]

[edit] Early years

St Andrew's was officially opened by Sir John Holder on 26 December 1906, when Birmingham played Middlesbrough in a First Division fixture. There had been heavy snowfall overnight, and dozens of volunteers, including members of the club's board, worked all morning to clear the pitch. The game finally kicked off an hour late, finishing goalless in front of 32,000 spectators.[11][12] The Birmingham Daily Post editorial next day suggested that "the fact that so many spectators attended under such adverse conditions augurs well for the step that the directors have taken", and that the directors were "to be congratulated in having provided their supporters with a ground second to none in the country".[12]

The Football Association chose St Andrew's to host the 1907 FA Cup semifinal between Sheffield Wednesday and Woolwich Arsenal; Wednesday won 3–1, and went on to win the tournament. This was the first FA Cup tie to be played at the ground, as Birmingham had lost their opening match away from home. Three more semifinals took place at St Andrew's before the Second World War, in 1911, 1924 and 1934.[13] In the 1930s, roofs were erected over the Kop and Railway End terraces,[11] and in February 1939, the ground attendance record, variously recorded as 66,844 or 67,341, was set at the fifth-round FA Cup tie against Everton.[B]

[edit] Wartime

During the First World War, the club supported the war effort by allowing the ground to be used as a rifle range for military training.[14] On the outbreak of the Second World War, all outdoor sport was banned by the Government until safety implications could be assessed. When football resumed a few weeks later, Birmingham's Chief Constable ordered the ground's closure because of its proximity to probable air-raid targets such as the BSA munitions factories.[15][16] The matter was first raised in Parliament in November 1939, but the Home Secretary felt unable to intervene.[17] By March 1940, when St Andrew's had for some time been the only football ground in England still closed, the Chief Constable bowed to public pressure, and a crowd of 13,241 witnessed Birmingham's first home game in more than six months.[15][16][18]

In 1941, St Andrew's suffered 20 direct hits from Luftwaffe bombing, which destroyed the roof of the Kop, badly damaged the Railway End, and forced the team to play elsewhere.[15] It was therefore a surprising choice of venue for a wartime international match between England and Wales; on safety grounds, spectators were required to purchase tickets in advance, and numbers were limited to 25,000.[19][20] Three months later, the Main Stand, which was being used as a temporary National Fire Service station, burned down, destroying the club's records and equipment, when a fireman mistook a bucket of petrol for water when intending to damp down a brazier.[10][11] The team returned to the ground in 1943.[10]

[edit] Improvements

Main Stand, St Andrew's, 2005

The replacement Main Stand, built in the early 1950s, used a propped cantilever roof design, which meant fewer pillars to block spectators' view of the pitch. Floodlights were installed, and officially switched on for a friendly match against Borussia Dortmund in October 1956.[13] By the early 1960s a stand had been built at the Railway End to the same design as the Main Stand, a new roof erected over the Kop, and the Tilton Road end was covered for the first time.[13] A scoreboard and clock were installed at the City end of the ground in memory of Birmingham and England player Jeff Hall, who died of polio during the 1958–59 season.[21]


[edit] Modernisation

The last home game of the 1984–85 promotion season, against Leeds United, was marred by rioting, culminating in the death of a boy when a wall collapsed on him; this was on the same day as the Bradford City stadium fire, and the events at St Andrew's were included in the remit of Mr Justice Popplewell's inquiry into safety at sports grounds.[22] In response to this and the later Taylor Report, the capacity of St Andrew's was cut to 26,000, but it was accepted that the stadium had to be brought up to modern standards.[23] Club chairman David Gold recalled his first visit in March 1993, after helping to rescue the club from bankruptcy:[24]

It was a shock. I had a picture in my mind of what I was expecting, but it was in such a state of disrepair that it was hard to comprehend. ... Only two-thirds of the bulbs on the floodlights were working and the Football League had threatened action if we didn't do something to improve the lights. It was raining. It was a dour game. It was dark. It was dull. There were people standing in the rain looking extremely uncomfortable and unhappy. This First Division club was penniless and near to extinction. There were corrugated-iron fences round the ground and it looked as though it hadn't seen a lick of paint since Birmingham reached the FA Cup Final in 1956.

After the last home game of the 1993–94 season, the Kop and Tilton Road terraces were demolished – helped by fans who took home a significant proportion as souvenirs – to be replaced at the start of the new season by a 7,000-seat Tilton Road Stand, continuing round the corner into the 9,500-seat Kop which opened two months later.[23] The 8,000-seat Railway Stand followed in 1999,[25] but as of 2008 the Main Stand has still to be modernised.

The view across Birmingham's Eastside towards St Andrews

[edit] Future

In 2004 a proposal was put forward to build a "sports village" comprising a new 55,000 stadium for the club, to be known as the City of Birmingham Stadium, other sports and leisure facilities, and a super casino. The project would be jointly financed by Birmingham City Council, Birmingham City F.C. (via the proceeds of the sale of St Andrew's) and the casino group Las Vegas Sands. The feasibility of the plan depended on the government issuing a licence for a super casino as permitted under the Gambling Act 2005, and Birmingham being chosen as the venue,[26] but this did not happen. The club have planning permission to redevelop the Main Stand,[27] and a derelict building behind the stand has been demolished,[28][29] but club and council have continued to seek alternative sources of funding for the City of Birmingham Stadium project.[30]

[edit] Other uses

Teams representing England have played international matches at St Andrew's, though not at senior level. In 1957, England B defeated Scotland B under floodlights in front of nearly 40,000 spectators.[31][32] England's junior sides have played there on several occasions, at under-23,[33] under-21 – the 4–0 defeat to Spain in 2001 was England U-21's worst home defeat[34] – and youth levels.[13] Before competitive football resumed after the First World War, a team representing the Scottish Football League beat their English counterparts, including Birmingham players Frank Womack and Billy Morgan, 3–1 at St Andrew's.[35][36]

As of 2008, four FA Cup semifinals have taken place at St Andrew's, and the ground has hosted semifinal replays on five occasions, most recently in 1961.[13] It was the venue for the 1987 play-off final replay, in which Charlton Athletic beat Leeds United to gain promotion to the Football League First Division,[37] and for the final of the FA Vase in 2004 and 2006.[38][39]

The ground has also been used for other sports. Small Heath Harriers athletic club, whose headquarters had been at the Muntz Street ground, trained at St Andrew's until the 1920s.[40] The 1960 South African touring rugby union team beat a Midland Counties XV by 16 points to 5 on a muddy St Andrew's pitch in front of a 17,000 crowd.[41] In 1949, Dick Turpin beat Albert Finch on points to retain his British and Empire middleweight boxing title;[42] Turpin's brothers Jack and future world middleweight champion Randolph fought on the undercard.[43] In 1965, Henry Cooper defeated Johnny Prescott at St Andrew's to retain his British and Empire heavyweight title;[44] the fight took place two days after originally scheduled, having been rained off at the last minute, which prompted debate as to the feasibility of outdoor boxing promotions in light of the uncertain British weather.[45][46]

St Andrew's was the location for the stadium rally scene in Peter Watkins' 1967 film Privilege.[citation needed] It has hosted a number of music concerts: events include UB40, supported by The Pogues, in 1989,[47] Duran Duran in 2005,[48] and the 2002 Party in the Park, featuring Westlife and Sugababes among others.[49]

[edit] Records

Average and peak league attendances at St Andrew's

The record attendance at St Andrew's was set at the fifth-round FA Cup tie against Everton on 11 February 1939; the actual figure is variously reported as 66,844 or 67,341.[B] The highest attendance recorded for a league match is 60,250, against Aston Villa in the First Division on 23 November 1935.[50] The highest average attendance over a league season, 38,821, was set during the 1948–49 First Division season, and the lowest, 6,289, was recorded in the Second Division in 1988–89.[50] Since the stadium was converted to all-seater, the record attendance is 29,588, set against Arsenal in the Premier League on 22 November 2003.[51]

St Andrew's was the venue for the first time the penalty shootout was used to determine the winner of an FA Cup match. For five seasons, between 1970 and 1974, the losing FA Cup semifinalists were obliged to play off for third and fourth place;[52] Birmingham City finished third in the 1972 FA Cup by beating Stoke City 4–3 on penalties following a goalless 90 minutes.[53][54]

[edit] Transport

The nearest railway station to the stadium is Bordesley, on the Birmingham to Stratford Line between Moor Street and Small Heath stations, which has regular services only on match days. The stadium is a 20-minute walk from New Street station, which is served by direct trains from most parts of the country, and slightly less far from Moor Street, which is served by Chiltern Railways trains from London Marylebone to Birmingham Snow Hill. Digbeth Coach Station, served by National Express coaches, is a 15-minute walk away, and buses run along the Coventry Road past the ground. There is very limited parking at the stadium itself, but a secure outdoor car park is available at Birmingham Wheels Park, less than 15 minutes walk away, and parking is permitted in the streets surrounding the ground.[55][56]

[edit] See also

[edit] Notes

A. a b  At the very bottom centre of this 1883 map,[57] Muntz Street leaves the Coventry Road heading north-east, crossed by Wright Street. Gessey's field is on the south-eastern side of Muntz St, adjacent to the north-eastern side of the short part of Wright St, and with open country to the other two sides. At the centre left of the map, above the words "Small Heath", and bounded by Coventry Road, Cattell Road, Kelynge Street (now Tilton Road), Garrison Lane and the railway, is the site of the future St Andrew's stadium. Lower down, parallel and very close to the left edge of the map, is Arthur Street, where Small Heath Alliance first played their matches.

B. ^  Some sources give the record attendance as 66,844: these include the Records page of Birmingham City F.C.'s website[1] and Rothman's Football Yearbook.[58] Others, including the History page of Birmingham City F.C.'s website,[59] Matthews' Encyclopedia[50] and The Times newspaper from the Monday following the match,[60] say 67,341.

[edit] References

General
  • Inglis, Simon (1996) [1985]. Football Grounds of Britain (3rd ed.). London: CollinsWillow. ISBN 0-00-218426-5. 
  • Jawad, Hyder (2006). Keep Right On: The Official Centenary of St. Andrew's. Liverpool: Trinity Mirror Sport Media. ISBN 978-1-9052-6616-6. 
  • Lewis, Peter (ed.) (2000). Keeping right on since 1875. The Official History of Birmingham City Football Club. Lytham: Arrow. ISBN 1-900722-12-7. 
  • Matthews, Tony (1995). Birmingham City: A Complete Record. Derby: Breedon Books. ISBN 978-1-85983-010-9. 
  • Matthews, Tony (October 2000). The Encyclopedia of Birmingham City Football Club 1875–2000. Cradley Heath: Britespot. ISBN 978-0-9539288-0-4. 
  • Rippon, Anton (2005). Gas Masks for Goal Posts. Football in Britain during the Second World War. Stroud: Sutton. ISBN 0-7509-4030-1. 
Specific
  1. ^ a b c "Birmingham City Records". Birmingham City F.C.. Retrieved on 14 November 2008.
  2. ^ a b c d Beauchampé, Steve (26 December 2006). "100 years of St. Andrews - Part One". The Stirrer. Retrieved on 1 December 2008.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Matthews, Complete Record, p. 57.
  4. ^ "The Day's Football", Birmingham Daily Mail (25 February 1905), p. 3. 
  5. ^ a b c d Inglis, p. 44.
  6. ^ Smith, Martin (26 December 2006). "Birmingham hope curse has run course", The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved on 2 November 2007. 
  7. ^ Marsden, Bob (March 1987). A.B.C. of Small Heath and Bordesley Green Past and Present. Small Heath Local History Society. p. 44. "St. Andrew's [Church] was erected in 1846, the fifth and last to be built by the Church Building Society. It was an unsuitable site, and for many years after its building, the only dwellings nearby were huts where brickworkers lived, a few cottages, and an occasional gipsy camp." 
  8. ^ a b c "Christmas Football: St. Andrew's Ground Opened"", Birmingham Daily Post (27 December 1906), p. 6. 
  9. ^ Inglis, pp. 44–45.
  10. ^ a b c Matthews, Complete record, p. 58.
  11. ^ a b c Inglis, p. 45.
  12. ^ a b "News Summary", Birmingham Daily Post (27 December 1906), p. 4. 
  13. ^ a b c d e Matthews, Encyclopedia, "St Andrew's", pp. 193–96.
  14. ^ Lewis, p. 11.
  15. ^ a b c Matthews, Complete Record, pp. 21–22.
  16. ^ a b Rippon, pp. 16–17.
  17. ^ "Written Answers (Commons): Civil Defence: Football Matches (Spectators)". Hansard 353 (cc726-7W). 15 November 1939. http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1939/nov/15/football-matches-spectators. Retrieved on 19 December 2008. 
  18. ^ "Commons Sitting: Civil Defence: Football Prohibition (Birmingham)". Hansard 357 (cc1515-6). 22 February 1940. http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1940/feb/22/football-prohibition-birmingham. Retrieved on 19 December 2008. 
  19. ^ Courtney, Barrie (21 March 2004). "England – War-Time/Victory Internationals – Details". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved on 6 October 2008.
  20. ^ Rippon, p. 164. "The choice of Birmingham's bomb-damaged ground for the game against Wales later the same month [October 1941] was surprising, not just because St Andrew's had been considered too dangerous even for run-of-the-mill league games in the early wartime seasons, but also because the Birmingham club was not competing in any major competitions in 1941–2. The attendance was restricted to an all-ticket crowd of 25,000."
  21. ^ Matthews, Complete Record, p. 92.
  22. ^ Webster, Philip (25 July 1985). "Ban on visiting fans urged in judge's football safety report" (reprint), The Times, NewsBank. Retrieved on 10 October 2007. "The Birmingham riot in which more than 500 were injured and in which a boy of 15 died when a wall collapsed 'more resembled the battle of Agincourt than a football match.'" 
  23. ^ a b Matthews, Complete Record, p. 59.
  24. ^ Jawad, p. 192.
  25. ^ Sharrock, Gordon (22 February 1999). "Wanderers middle men hailed as the best", Bolton Evening News. Retrieved on 6 December 2007. 
  26. ^ Connor, Neil (26 October 2005). "Blues unveil stadium plan", Birmingham Post. Retrieved on 2 November 2007. 
  27. ^ Tattum, Colin (24 December 2006). "Blues still hoping for new stadium", Birmingham Mail. Retrieved on 2 November 2007. 
  28. ^ Bradley, Paul. "Blues given green light for flats demolition", Birmingham Mail. Retrieved on 14 December 2008. 
  29. ^ "Demolition Kicks Off at Holmes Estate". Midland Heart (17 April 2008). Retrieved on 14 December 2008.
  30. ^ Tattum, Colin (9 March 2007). "Blues revive bid for new stadium", Birmingham Mail. Retrieved on 2 February 2007. 
  31. ^ "Scotland B Internationals". Scottish Football Association. Retrieved on 12 December 2008.
  32. ^ "England B XI Score In First Minute", The Times (7 February 1957), p. 12. 
  33. ^ Courtney, Barrie (27 March 2004). "England – U-23 International Results– Details". RSSSF. Retrieved on 6 October 2008.
  34. ^ Winter, Henry (27 February 2001). "Under-21 International: Gifted young Spanish side hand out lesson", The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved on 12 December 2008. 
  35. ^ "Sat 22 Feb 1919 English Football League 3 SFL 1". London Hearts. Retrieved on 6 October 2008.
  36. ^ "International League Match", The Times (24 February 1919), p. 5. 
  37. ^ "8. Charlton 2 Leeds United 1 (aet)". Charlton Athletic F.C.. Retrieved on 6 October 2008.
  38. ^ Bradbury, Jamie (16 May 2004). "Win-chester City". The Football Association (The FA). Retrieved on 6 October 2008.
  39. ^ Lawrence, David (6 May 2006). "Nantwich are victorious". The FA. Retrieved on 6 October 2008.
  40. ^ "History: Small Heath Harriers". Solihull & Small Heath Athletic Club. Retrieved on 28 November 2008.
  41. ^ "Weighty problem for Counties", The Times (29 December 1960), p. 10. "The idea of playing this match on the Birmingham City football ground was obviously popular and drew a crowd of over 17,000. From the Rugby point of view it was not so good, as the ground was a sea of mud to start with and this meant that anything like fast and open Rugby was out of the question." 
  42. ^ "Boxer: Dick Turpin". BoxRec. Retrieved on 8 December 2008.
  43. ^ "Monday 20 June 1949". BoxRec. Retrieved on 8 December 2008.
  44. ^ "Boxer: Henry Cooper". BoxRec. Retrieved on 8 December 2008.
  45. ^ "Cooper's Bout Off", The Times (16 June 1965), p. 4. "No one huddled round the ringside from the rain could remember any other occasion on which a British championship of this importance had been cancelled by rain, but there was a general feeling that tomorrow may be the last attempt to stage a major outdoor promotion in this country. The British summer is too unpredictable." 
  46. ^ "Prescott Retires After 10 Spoiling Rounds", The Times (18 June 1965), p. 5. 
  47. ^ Leek, Martyn (17 June 2001). "21 Things You Never Knew About UB40" (reprint), Sunday Mercury (Birmingham), NewsBank. Retrieved on 12 December 2008. 
  48. ^ "Hometown concert for Duran Duran", BBC News (28 May 2005). Retrieved on 12 December 2008. 
  49. ^ Wishaw, John (8 July 2002). "Let's Party in the Park" (reprint), Birmingham Post, NewsBank. Retrieved on 12 December 2008. 
  50. ^ a b c Matthews, Encyclopedia, "Attendances", pp. 20–21.
  51. ^ "Birmingham". The FSF Ground Guide. Football Supporters' Federation. Retrieved on 16 December 2008.
  52. ^ "Semi-Final Factfile". The Football Association (13 April 2005). Retrieved on 13 December 2008.
  53. ^ "FA Cup Trivia". The Football Association (16 May 2003). Retrieved on 13 December 2008.
  54. ^ Matthews, Complete Record, p. 207.
  55. ^ "Travel Match Pack". Birmingham City F.C. Retrieved on 16 December 2008.
  56. ^ Adams, Duncan (2007). A fan's guide to football grounds : England and Wales. Hersham: Ian Allan. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-0-7110-3268-2. http://www.footballgroundguide.com/birming.htm. 
  57. ^ "Birmingham 1883". Mapseeker Historical Maps Online. Retrieved on 29 November 2008.
  58. ^ Rollin, Jack (ed.) (1990). Rothmans Football Yearbook 1990–91. London: Queen Anne Press. p. 81. ISBN 0-356-17911-7. 
  59. ^ "Club History". Birmingham City F.C. Retrieved on 8 December 2008.
  60. ^ "Fifth round official figures", The Times (13 February 1939), p. 5. 

[edit] External links

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