Finite type invariant

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In the mathematical theory of knots, a finite type invariant is a knot invariant that can be extended (in a precise manner to be described) to an invariant of certain singular knots that vanishes on singular knots with m + 1 singularities and does not vanish on some singular knot with 'm' singularities. It is then said to be of type or order m.

We give the combinatorial definition of finite type invariant due to Goussarov, and (independently) Joan Birman and Xiao-Song Lin. Let V be a knot invariant. Define V¹ to be defined on a knot with one transverse singularity.

Consider a knot K to be a smooth embedding of a circle into . Let K' be a smooth immersion of a circle into with one transverse double point. Then V¹(K') = V(K ₊ ) − V(K ₋ ), where K ₊ is obtained from K by resolving the double point by pushing up one strand above the other, and K_- is obtained similarly by pushing the opposite strand above the other. We can do this for maps with two transverse double points, three transverse double points, etc., by using the above relation. For V to be of finite type means precisely that there must be a positive integer m such that V vanishes on maps with m + 1 transverse double points.

Furthermore, note that there is notion of equivalence of knots with singularities being transverse double points and V should respect this equivalence. There is also a notion of finite type invariant for 3-manifolds.

Contents 1 History 2 Examples 3 Invariants representation 4 The universal Vassiliev invariant 5 References 6 External links

[edit] History

The notion of finite-type invariants was introduced by Mikhail Goussarov and then independently appeared in the work of Victor Vassiliev,^[1] and so are called Vassiliev invariants or Vassiliev-Goussarov invariants. There has been many definitions of knot and 3-manifold finite type invariants in recent years. These take a geometrical or combinatorics approach. Topological quantum field theory (TQFT) in 2 + 1 dimensions offers a unifying approach to these definitions. Witten gave examples of TQFT theories on semisimple compact Lie group using path integrals with Chern-Simons action. Reshetikhin-Turaev and others followed with similar work by Witten. TQFT's in 2 + 1 dimensions yield complex invariants of oriented, closed 3-manifolds, and invariants of colored framed links (knots) in 3-manifolds. The path integral approach to TQFT suggests the existence of nonpertubative and perturbative knot and 3-manifold invariants, such as colored Jones polynomials of knots. Nonperturbative 3-manifold invariants include Reshetikhin-Turaev invariants, while perturbative finite type knot invariants are Vassiliev-Goussarov invariants.^[2]

[edit] Examples

The simplest nontrivial Vassiliev invariant of knots is given by the coefficient of the quadratic term of the Alexander-Conway polynomial. It is an invariant of order two. Modulo two, it is equal to the Arf invariant. Any coefficient of the Kontsevich invariant is a finite type invariant.

[edit] Invariants representation

Michael Polyak and Oleg Viro have proved that all Vassiliev invariants can be represented by chord diagrams. Using such diagrams, they gave a description of the first nontrivial invariants of order 2 and 3.

[edit] The universal Vassiliev invariant

In 1993, Maxim Kontsevich proved the following important theorem about Vassiliev invariants: For every knot one can compute an integral, now called the Kontsevich integral, which is a universal Vassiliev invariant, meaning that every Vassiliev invariant can be obtained from it by an appropriate evaluation. It is not known at present whether the Kontsevich integral, or the totality of Vassiliev invariants, is a complete knot invariant. Computation of the Kontsevich integral, which has values in an algebra of chord diagrams, turns out to be rather difficult and has been done only for a few classes of knots up to now. There is no finite-type invariant of degree less than 11 which distinguishes mutant knots. ^[3]

[edit] References

1. ^ http://www.f.waseda.jp/murakami/papers/finitetype.pdf
2. ^ http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.41.6281
3. ^ http://www.f.waseda.jp/murakami/papers/finitetype.pdf

• Victor A. Vassiliev, Cohomology of knot spaces. Theory of singularities and its applications, 23–69, Adv. Soviet Math., 1, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 1990.
• J. Birman and X-S Lin, Knot polynomials and Vassiliev's invariants. Invent. Math., 111, 225–270 (1993)
• Dror Bar-Natan, On the Vassiliev knot invariants. Topology 34 (1995), 423–472

[edit] External links

• Weistein, Eric W., "Vassiliev Invariant" from MathWorld.

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