Voiceless palatal fricative
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| IPA – number | 138 |
| IPA – text | ç |
| IPA – image |  |
| Entity | ç |
| X-SAMPA | C |
| Kirshenbaum | C |
 Sound sample (help·info) |
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The voiceless palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ç, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is C. The symbol ç is the letter c with a cedilla, as used to spell French words like façade, although the sound represented by the letter ç in either French or English orthography is not a voiceless palatal fricative but /s/, the voiceless alveolar fricative.
Palatal fricatives are rare phonemes and only 5% of the world's languages have /ç/ as a phoneme.[1] However, it also tends to occur as an allophone of /x/ or /h/ in the vicinity of front vowels, and many English dialects are no exception.
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[edit] Features
Features of the voiceless palatal fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is palatal which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised against the hard palate.
- Its phonation type is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.
[edit] Varieties of [ç]
| IPA | Description |
|---|---|
| ç | plain velar fricative |
| çʷ | labialised |
| ç’ | ejective |
| çʷ’ | ejective labialised |
| ç̜ʷ | semi-labialised |
| ç̹ʷ | strongly labialised |
[edit] Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azerbaijani[2] | some dialects | çörək | [tʃœˈɾæç] | 'bread' | Allophone of /c/. |
| Dutch | acht | [ɑçt] (help·info) |
'eight' | Common in southern dialects such as all of Dutch-speaking Belgium some southern Dutch provinces.[3] See Dutch phonology | |
| English | hue | [çjuː] | 'hue' | Allophone of /h/. See English phonology and Yod-coalescence | |
| Finnish | vihko | [ˈʋiçko̞] | 'notebook' | Allophone of /h/. See Finnish phonology | |
| German | dicht | [dɪçt] | 'dense' | See German phonology | |
| Greek | χιόνι | [ˈço̞ni] | 'snow' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Haida | xíl | [çɪ́l] | 'leaf' | ||
| Hungarian[4] | méh | [meːç] | 'bee' | Allophone of /h/. See Hungarian phonology | |
| Icelandic | hérna | [çɛrtna] | 'here' | See Icelandic phonology | |
| Irish | a Sheáin | [ə çaːnʲ] | 'John (Voc.)' | See Irish phonology | |
| Korean | 힘/him | [çim] | 'strength' | See Korean phonology | |
| Japanese[5] | 貧血/hinketsu | [çiŋketsɯ] | 'anemia' | Allophone of /h/ before /i/. See Japanese phonology | |
| Kabyle | ḵil | [çil] | 'to measure' | ||
| Norwegian | kyss | [çʏs] | 'kiss' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Polish | hiacynt | [çat͡sɨnt] | 'hyacinth' | See Polish phonology | |
| Scottish Gaelic | eich | [eç] | 'horses' | ||
| Xârâcùù[6] | ? | [çɛɡɛ] | 'stone' | ||
[edit] See also
[edit] Notes
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:167–68)
- ^ Damirchizadeh (1972:96)
- ^ Pieter van Reenen; Nanette Huijs (2000). "De harde en de zachte g, de spelling gh versus g voor voorklinker in het veertiende-eeuwse Middelnederlands." (in Dutch). Taal en Tongval, 52(Thema nr.), 159-181. http://www.meertens.knaw.nl/taalentongval/artikelen/Reenen_Huijs.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-05-04.
- ^ Szende (1994:93)
- ^ Okada (1991:95)
- ^ Tryon (1995)
[edit] References
- Damirchizadeh, A (1972), Modern Azerbaijani Language: Phonetics, Orthoepy and Orthography, Maarif Publ
- Ladefoged, Peter & Ian Maddieson, The Sounds of the World's Languages, Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-19815-6
- Okada, Hideo (1991), "Phonetic Representation:Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21 (2): 94-97
- Szende, Tamás (1994), "Illustrations of the IPA:Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Alphabet 24 (2): 91-94
- Tryon, Darrell T. (1995), Comparative Austronesian Dictionary, Mouton de Gruyter, ISBN 3-110-12729-6
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